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Homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment even though there are changes in the external environment TERM 2
Variable X
DEFINITION 2 the factor being controlled. example room temperature (x) is maintained within a narrow limit around the SET POINT. TERM 3
set point
DEFINITION 3 level or range TERM 4
Control/integrating
center
DEFINITION 4 the thermostat, analyzes the information received from the sensors. TERM 5
Effector
DEFINITION 5 furnace or air conditioner, that determines the response from the sensor which is carried to the effector.
Negative feedback
loops
occurs when a change in a variable triggers a response which adjusts in the opposite direction of the initial change. TERM 7
Dynamic constancy
DEFINITION 7 fluctuations constantly occur above or below a set point. the set point is the average value of the variable. TERM 8
antagonistic effectors
DEFINITION 8 have the opposite effect on the variable. TERM 9
positive
feedback
DEFINITION 9 the response of the effectors to any change in the variable causes an amplification of the changes. causes effectors to respond in same way as change. EX baby leans against cerveix mother releases hormone and uterus enlarges. TERM 10
Heat exhaustion
DEFINITION 10 occurs when strenuous excercies or high environmental temperatures cause the bodys homeostatic mechanism to overtax. a patient should get in share remove clothing and apply water to skin.
HPD=LPDXLPM/HPM
first convert LPD into micrometers: 2mm=200umLPM/HPM= 100/400=.25 HPD=2000X .25 = 500 UM TERM 17
3 main components of a cell
DEFINITION 17 plasma membrane (PM). cytoplasm, nucleus TERM 18
plasma membrane
DEFINITION 18 see print out TERM 19
Cytoplasm
DEFINITION 19 has ribosomes, ER, goglgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, centrioles, cytoskeleton TERM 20
Ribosomes
DEFINITION 20 tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein, actual sites of protein synthesis, floating free of attached to a membraneous structure (the rough ER) in the cytoplasm
ER
Rough ER; Tubules of it provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas.Smooth ER; which has no function in protein synthesis. it is site for steroid and lipid synthesis TERM 22
Golgi appartus
DEFINITION 22 stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends. found close to nucleus. plays role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from cell. TERM 23
lysosomes
DEFINITION 23 sacs containing digestive enzymes. (acid hydrolases) function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter cell. TERM 24
mitochondria
DEFINITION 24 inner membrane is thrown into folds called cristae. contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy ATP TERM 25
Centrioles
DEFINITION 25 close to nucles; direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division. from the bases of cilia and flagellacy
Stages of mitosis
Prophase, prometaphase. metaphase. anaphase. telophase. TERM 32
Cytokinesis
DEFINITION 32 contractile ring of microfilaments, perpendicular to mitotic spindle, forms cleavage furrow. TERM 33
How do chromosomes line up at the firs
meiotic division?
DEFINITION 33 if single file: mitosisif homologue pairing; meiosis. TERM 34
spermatogonia is?
DEFINITION 34 dipolid. TERM 35
meiosis 1 in men
DEFINITION 35 genetic recombination, haploid, secondary spermatocyte.
Meiosis 2 in men
spermatids TERM 37
spermiogenesis
DEFINITION 37 maturation in epididymis TERM 38
primary oocytes
DEFINITION 38 prior to birth TERM 39
secondary oocytes
DEFINITION 39 in tertiary follicle TERM 40
oocyte does not complete?
DEFINITION 40 meiosis 2 unless fertilized.
homozygous
2 identical alleles ex: GG or gg TERM 47
Heterozygous
DEFINITION 47 2 different alleles Gg TERM 48
genotype
DEFINITION 48 the actual genes Gg or GG or gg TERM 49
phenotype
DEFINITION 49 physical appearance. due to the expression of the genotype TERM 50
Chromosomal theory of
inheritance
DEFINITION 50 genes exist in allelic pairs at distinct gene loci on chromosomes.
autosomes vs sex chromosomes
human autosomes; 1-22 pairshuman sex chromosomes # XX or XY (male) TERM 52
Mendel's law of segregation
DEFINITION 52 each individual has two factors for each trait the factors segregate during formation of gametes. each gamete contains only one factor of the pair. fertilization gives the next generation two factors for each trait. TERM 53
segregation
DEFINITION 53 each individual has two factors for each trait TERM 54
Mendel genetics
DEFINITION 54 inherited traits are transmitted by genes that occur in pairs. each individual has two alleles for a gene. TERM 55
polygenic
inheritance
DEFINITION 55 trait is controlled by two or more sets of alleles. each dominant allele has a quantitative additive effect on the phenotype
x-linked recessive
disorders
color blindness, hemophilia, duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X. TERM 62
sex influenced traits
DEFINITION 62 not located on sex chromosome but expressed differently in males and females. ex: index finger longer than is dominant in females and recessive in males. rolling tongue dominant. attached earlobes recessive. widows peak is dominant, bent little finger is dominant. double jointed thumb dominant, mid-digit is dominant. TERM 63
proto
oncogene
DEFINITION 63 a normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation or increased expression TERM 64
oncogene
DEFINITION 64 gene with the potential to cause cancer, most require additional step. TERM 65
tumor suppressor gene
DEFINITION 65 code for proteins that inhibit cell division. usually need both alleles. mutation increased by exposure to carcinogens.
plasma membrane functions
selective boundary, transport, movement, enzyme activity, signal transduction, cell to cell interactions. TERM 67
selective permeability
DEFINITION 67 amphipathic molecules, phospholipids, integral membranes proteins. Most molecules cannot cross. TERM 68
To cross a membrane a molecule needs?
DEFINITION 68 small size, non-polar. ex CO2 and O2 glycerol, h2o, alcohol TERM 69
Passive process
DEFINITION 69 require no energy, concentration gradient. TERM 70
4 types of concentration gradients?
DEFINITION 70 diffusion; movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitated diffusion (carrier mediated) filtration. osmosis: diffusion of a solvent down a concentration gradient, for purposes of H2O
Hydrostatic pressure
pressure of water on the membrane, only occurs in a closed system. PM is the boundary TERM 77
Osmotic pressure
DEFINITION 77 Tendency to resist further net water entry. opposite direction of water, not present at equilibrium TERM 78
ex: of osmotic pressure
DEFINITION 78 a selectively permeable membrane separates two solutions. By osmosis water will move from the pure solution to the glucose solution, creating hydrostatic pressure and moving the membrane to the left. TERM 79
Tonicity
DEFINITION 79 the osmotic pressure or tension of a solution on a membrane TERM 80
Isotonic
DEFINITION 80 no net movement of water.
Hypertonic:
movement of water out of cell (crenation) TERM 82
Hypotonic:
DEFINITION 82 movement of water in to cell (expansion/lysis) TERM 83
crenation
DEFINITION 83 cell looks shrivled up TERM 84
osmolarity
DEFINITION 84 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules A 1-molar solution of any given molecule = 1 mole of solute in enough H2O to make 1 liter of solution Volume does not change Amount of H2O changes 1.0 M TERM 85
osmolality
DEFINITION 85 1 kg of H2O at 4o C = 1 liter A 1-molal solution of any given molecule = 1 mole of solute in 1 liter of H2O Volume does change Amount of H2O does not change 1.0 m
sodium potassium pump
-most important co-transporter. -sets up a gradient for the cell to use later. - TERM 92
vesicular transport
DEFINITION 92 exocytosis (movement of substances in the cell and out of the cell in vesicles. Endocytosis (movement of substances from OUT of the cell INTO to cell.
