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bio 65 lab exam 1 | BIOL 65 - Human Physiology, Quizzes of Physiology

Class: BIOL 65 - Human Physiology; Subject: Biology; University: California State University - Fresno; Term: Fall 2014;

Typology: Quizzes

2014/2015

Uploaded on 09/07/2015

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TERM 1
Homeostasis
DEFINITION 1
ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal
environment even though there are changes in the external
environment
TERM 2
Variable X
DEFINITION 2
the factor being controlled. example room temperature (x) is
maintained within a narrow limit around the SET POINT.
TERM 3
set point
DEFINITION 3
level or range
TERM 4
Control/integrating
center
DEFINITION 4
the thermostat, analyzes the information received from the
sensors.
TERM 5
Effector
DEFINITION 5
furnace or air conditioner, that determines the response from
the sensor which is carried to the effector.
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Homeostasis

ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment even though there are changes in the external environment TERM 2

Variable X

DEFINITION 2 the factor being controlled. example room temperature (x) is maintained within a narrow limit around the SET POINT. TERM 3

set point

DEFINITION 3 level or range TERM 4

Control/integrating

center

DEFINITION 4 the thermostat, analyzes the information received from the sensors. TERM 5

Effector

DEFINITION 5 furnace or air conditioner, that determines the response from the sensor which is carried to the effector.

Negative feedback

loops

occurs when a change in a variable triggers a response which adjusts in the opposite direction of the initial change. TERM 7

Dynamic constancy

DEFINITION 7 fluctuations constantly occur above or below a set point. the set point is the average value of the variable. TERM 8

antagonistic effectors

DEFINITION 8 have the opposite effect on the variable. TERM 9

positive

feedback

DEFINITION 9 the response of the effectors to any change in the variable causes an amplification of the changes. causes effectors to respond in same way as change. EX baby leans against cerveix mother releases hormone and uterus enlarges. TERM 10

Heat exhaustion

DEFINITION 10 occurs when strenuous excercies or high environmental temperatures cause the bodys homeostatic mechanism to overtax. a patient should get in share remove clothing and apply water to skin.

HPD=LPDXLPM/HPM

first convert LPD into micrometers: 2mm=200umLPM/HPM= 100/400=.25 HPD=2000X .25 = 500 UM TERM 17

3 main components of a cell

DEFINITION 17 plasma membrane (PM). cytoplasm, nucleus TERM 18

plasma membrane

DEFINITION 18 see print out TERM 19

Cytoplasm

DEFINITION 19 has ribosomes, ER, goglgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, centrioles, cytoskeleton TERM 20

Ribosomes

DEFINITION 20 tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein, actual sites of protein synthesis, floating free of attached to a membraneous structure (the rough ER) in the cytoplasm

ER

Rough ER; Tubules of it provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas.Smooth ER; which has no function in protein synthesis. it is site for steroid and lipid synthesis TERM 22

Golgi appartus

DEFINITION 22 stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends. found close to nucleus. plays role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from cell. TERM 23

lysosomes

DEFINITION 23 sacs containing digestive enzymes. (acid hydrolases) function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter cell. TERM 24

mitochondria

DEFINITION 24 inner membrane is thrown into folds called cristae. contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy ATP TERM 25

Centrioles

DEFINITION 25 close to nucles; direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division. from the bases of cilia and flagellacy

Stages of mitosis

Prophase, prometaphase. metaphase. anaphase. telophase. TERM 32

Cytokinesis

DEFINITION 32 contractile ring of microfilaments, perpendicular to mitotic spindle, forms cleavage furrow. TERM 33

How do chromosomes line up at the firs

meiotic division?

DEFINITION 33 if single file: mitosisif homologue pairing; meiosis. TERM 34

spermatogonia is?

DEFINITION 34 dipolid. TERM 35

meiosis 1 in men

DEFINITION 35 genetic recombination, haploid, secondary spermatocyte.

Meiosis 2 in men

spermatids TERM 37

spermiogenesis

DEFINITION 37 maturation in epididymis TERM 38

primary oocytes

DEFINITION 38 prior to birth TERM 39

secondary oocytes

DEFINITION 39 in tertiary follicle TERM 40

oocyte does not complete?

DEFINITION 40 meiosis 2 unless fertilized.

homozygous

2 identical alleles ex: GG or gg TERM 47

Heterozygous

DEFINITION 47 2 different alleles Gg TERM 48

genotype

DEFINITION 48 the actual genes Gg or GG or gg TERM 49

phenotype

DEFINITION 49 physical appearance. due to the expression of the genotype TERM 50

Chromosomal theory of

inheritance

DEFINITION 50 genes exist in allelic pairs at distinct gene loci on chromosomes.

autosomes vs sex chromosomes

human autosomes; 1-22 pairshuman sex chromosomes # XX or XY (male) TERM 52

Mendel's law of segregation

DEFINITION 52 each individual has two factors for each trait the factors segregate during formation of gametes. each gamete contains only one factor of the pair. fertilization gives the next generation two factors for each trait. TERM 53

segregation

DEFINITION 53 each individual has two factors for each trait TERM 54

Mendel genetics

DEFINITION 54 inherited traits are transmitted by genes that occur in pairs. each individual has two alleles for a gene. TERM 55

polygenic

inheritance

DEFINITION 55 trait is controlled by two or more sets of alleles. each dominant allele has a quantitative additive effect on the phenotype

x-linked recessive

disorders

color blindness, hemophilia, duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X. TERM 62

sex influenced traits

DEFINITION 62 not located on sex chromosome but expressed differently in males and females. ex: index finger longer than is dominant in females and recessive in males. rolling tongue dominant. attached earlobes recessive. widows peak is dominant, bent little finger is dominant. double jointed thumb dominant, mid-digit is dominant. TERM 63

proto

oncogene

DEFINITION 63 a normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation or increased expression TERM 64

oncogene

DEFINITION 64 gene with the potential to cause cancer, most require additional step. TERM 65

tumor suppressor gene

DEFINITION 65 code for proteins that inhibit cell division. usually need both alleles. mutation increased by exposure to carcinogens.

plasma membrane functions

selective boundary, transport, movement, enzyme activity, signal transduction, cell to cell interactions. TERM 67

selective permeability

DEFINITION 67 amphipathic molecules, phospholipids, integral membranes proteins. Most molecules cannot cross. TERM 68

To cross a membrane a molecule needs?

DEFINITION 68 small size, non-polar. ex CO2 and O2 glycerol, h2o, alcohol TERM 69

Passive process

DEFINITION 69 require no energy, concentration gradient. TERM 70

4 types of concentration gradients?

DEFINITION 70 diffusion; movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitated diffusion (carrier mediated) filtration. osmosis: diffusion of a solvent down a concentration gradient, for purposes of H2O

Hydrostatic pressure

pressure of water on the membrane, only occurs in a closed system. PM is the boundary TERM 77

Osmotic pressure

DEFINITION 77 Tendency to resist further net water entry. opposite direction of water, not present at equilibrium TERM 78

ex: of osmotic pressure

DEFINITION 78 a selectively permeable membrane separates two solutions. By osmosis water will move from the pure solution to the glucose solution, creating hydrostatic pressure and moving the membrane to the left. TERM 79

Tonicity

DEFINITION 79 the osmotic pressure or tension of a solution on a membrane TERM 80

Isotonic

DEFINITION 80 no net movement of water.

Hypertonic:

movement of water out of cell (crenation) TERM 82

Hypotonic:

DEFINITION 82 movement of water in to cell (expansion/lysis) TERM 83

crenation

DEFINITION 83 cell looks shrivled up TERM 84

osmolarity

DEFINITION 84 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules A 1-molar solution of any given molecule = 1 mole of solute in enough H2O to make 1 liter of solution Volume does not change Amount of H2O changes 1.0 M TERM 85

osmolality

DEFINITION 85 1 kg of H2O at 4o C = 1 liter A 1-molal solution of any given molecule = 1 mole of solute in 1 liter of H2O Volume does change Amount of H2O does not change 1.0 m

sodium potassium pump

-most important co-transporter. -sets up a gradient for the cell to use later. - TERM 92

vesicular transport

DEFINITION 92 exocytosis (movement of substances in the cell and out of the cell in vesicles. Endocytosis (movement of substances from OUT of the cell INTO to cell.