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Bio 351 Module 3 Exam with precise detailed solutions, Exams of Biology

Bio 351 Module 3 Exam with precise detailed solutions

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2024/2025

Available from 07/05/2025

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Bio |! 351 |! Module |! 3 |! Exam |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
Gastrulation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! Establishes |! the |! three |! germ |! layers
Neurulation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! Formation |! of |! the |! neural |! plate/tube
The |! nervous |! system |! starts |! out |! as |! a |! flat |! neural |! plate |! that |! runs |! along |! the |!
midline |! from |! rostral |! to |! caudal
Folding |! is |! initiated |! when |! the |! medial |! hinge |! point |! (MHP) |! cells |! anchor |! to |! the
|! notochord |! and |! change |! shape |! while |! the |! epidermal |! cells |! move |! toward |! the |!
dorsal |! midline
Epidermal |! cells |! continue |! to |! push |! and |! elevate |! neural |! folds
Cells |! at |! dorsolateral |! hinge |! point |! (DHLP) |! then |! push |! toward |! center |! to |! bring |!
fold |! into |! contact
The |! neural |! folds |! fuse |! at |! the |! dorsal |! midline |! and |! separate |! from |! overlying |!
epidermis
The |! brain |! is |! derived |! from: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! Ectoderm
The |! nervous |! system |! begins |! as |! a |! flat |! neural |! plate |! that |! runs |! along |! the |!
midline |! from |! rostral |! to |! caudal. |! Folding |! is |! initiated |! with |! the |! __________ |!
anchored |! to |! the |! ______________ |! and |! changes |! shape |! while |! the |! epidermal |! cells |!
move |! toward |! the |! dorsal |! midline. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! A. |! Medial |! hingepoint |!
cells
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Bio |! 351 |! Module |! 3 |! Exam |! with |! precise |!

detailed |! solutions

Gastrulation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Establishes |! the |! three |! germ |! layers Neurulation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Formation |! of |! the |! neural |! plate/tube The |! nervous |! system |! starts |! out |! as |! a |! flat |! neural |! plate |! that |! runs |! along |! the |! midline |! from |! rostral |! to |! caudal Folding |! is |! initiated |! when |! the |! medial |! hinge |! point |! (MHP) |! cells |! anchor |! to |! the |! notochord |! and |! change |! shape |! while |! the |! epidermal |! cells |! move |! toward |! the |! dorsal |! midline Epidermal |! cells |! continue |! to |! push |! and |! elevate |! neural |! folds Cells |! at |! dorsolateral |! hinge |! point |! (DHLP) |! then |! push |! toward |! center |! to |! bring |! fold |! into |! contact The |! neural |! folds |! fuse |! at |! the |! dorsal |! midline |! and |! separate |! from |! overlying |! epidermis The |! brain |! is |! derived |! from: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ectoderm The |! nervous |! system |! begins |! as |! a |! flat |! neural |! plate |! that |! runs |! along |! the |! midline |! from |! rostral |! to |! caudal. |! Folding |! is |! initiated |! with |! the |! __________ |! anchored |! to |! the |! ______________ |! and |! changes |! shape |! while |! the |! epidermal |! cells |! move |! toward |! the |! dorsal |! midline. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A. |! Medial |! hingepoint |! cells

B. |! Notochord Crosstalk |! between |! the |! ____________ |! and |! ectoderm |! establish |! patterning |! that |! forms |! the |! neural |! tube. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mesoderm Neural |! tube |! defects |! (NTDs) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Caused |! by |! the |! timing |! and |! localization |! of |! disruptions |! to |! neural |! tube |! closures Disruptions |! of |! neural |! tube |! closure |! can |! affect |! surrounding |! tissues, |! such |! as |! somites, |! the |! embryonic |! precursors |! to |! the |! vertebral |! bones, |! leading |! to |! various |! disorders. Open |! NTDs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Craniorachischisis |! totalis Anencephaly Myeloschisis Encephalocele Myelomeningocele Occult |! (hidden) |! NTDs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tether |! filum Spinal |! Lipoma Split |! cord |! malformation Dermal |! sinus Myelocystocele Spina |! bifida |! occulta

Changes |! in |! the |! Epigenetic |! landscape |! of |! embryo |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! (CpG) |! methylation |! patterns |! and |! chromatin |! modification Can |! lead |! to |! gene |! expression |! variability |! or |! causative |! NTD |! genes, |! both |! can |! cause |! NTD Folates |! promote |! neural |! tube |! closure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! precise |! role |! of |! folates |! in |! neural |! tube |! closure |! is |! still |! under |! investigation, |! but |! results |! suggest |! important |! role |! in |! promoting |! neural |! tube |! closure Folate |! is |! necessary |! one-carbon |! metabolism, |! nucleotide |! biosynthesis, |! and |! epigenetic |! modifications Retinoic |! Acid |! (RA) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Derived |! from |! vitamin |! A Activates |! transcription |! via |! retinoic |! acid |! receptor |! (RAR), |! a |! nuclear |! receptor Disruption |! of |! RA |! (eg. |! Accutane) |! leads |! to |! a |! wide |! range |! of |! birth |! defects Caudal |! Half |! of |! neural |! tube |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ra |! high |! rostrally FGF8 |! high |! caudally Crucial |! for |! neural |! tube |! extension |! and |! spinal |! cord |! patterning AVE |! derived |! cues |! establish |! the |! anterior-posterior |! axis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔AVE |! secretes |! Wnt |! antagonists |! to |! direct |! primitive |! streak |! A-P |! orientation Patterning |! the |! rostro-caudal |! axis |! in |! the |! rostral |! neural |! tube |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔In |! the |! Rostral |! half |! of |! the |! neural |! tube: RA |! and |! Wnts

-high |! caudally |! and |! antagonized |! rostrally FGF8 |! in |! myelencephalon -crucial |! for |! hindbrain |! rhombomere |! segmentation -defines |! midbrain-hindbrain |! boundary Homeobox |! (Hox) |! genes |! regulate |! rostro-caudal |! identity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hox |! gene |! expression |! is |! an |! important |! transcriptional |! regulator |! of |! the |! rostro-caudal |! axis |! the |! developing |! neural |! tube Specific |! Hox |! genes |! respond |! to |! RA/FGF8 |! morphogen |! gradients Define |! specific |! gene |! expression |! patterns |! and |! differentiated |! features |! of |! cell |! subtypes |! along |! rostro-caudal |! axis How |! does |! a |! tube |! turn |! into |! a |! spinal |! cord? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Following |! neural |! tube |! closure, |! dividing |! neuroepithelial |! progenitors |! surround |! the |! central |! canal |! (future |! ventricular |! system) |! in |! a |! region |! called |! the |! ventricular |! zone. Patterning |! the |! dorso-ventral |! axis |! of |! the |! spinal |! cord |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Neural |! progenitor |! progeny |! migrate |! laterally |! into |! the |! mantle |! layer, |! known |! as |! the |! progenitor |! domain Sensory/association |! neurons |! located |! dorsally |! near |! roofplate Motor |! neurons |! located |! ventrally |! near |! floorplate |! and |! notochord The |! notochord |! "ventralizes" |! the |! neural |! tube |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Implanting |! an |! extra |! notochord |! results |! in |! conversion |! of |! the |! lateral |! neural |! tube |! into |! more |! ventral |! state