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BIO |! 351 |! Module |! 1 |! Exam |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
How |! many |! enhancer |! sites |! are |! indicated |! in |! the |! regulatory |! region |! of |! the |! Duffy |! gene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 3 What |! is |! the |! cell |! specific |! of |! the |! GA(T>C)A |! mutation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Red |! Blood |! Cells What |! is |! the |! expected |! outcome |! in |! these |! cells |! due |! to |! the |! GA(T>C)A |! mutation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Duffy |! protein |! will |! have |! a |! mutation |! in |! parasite |! binding |! domain What |! is |! a |! likely |! explanation |! of |! how |! this |! GA(T>C)A |! mutation |! influences |! Duffy |! protein |! expression, |! if |! at |! all? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription |! factors |! are |! unable |! to |! bind |! to |! the |! enhancer |! site, |! leading |! to |! no |! expression |! of |! Duffy |! protein Which |! of |! the |! following |! terms |! describes |! the |! step |! at |! which |! cells |! become |! irreversibly |! committed |! to |! a |! particular |! cell |! fate? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Determination
Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! correct |! order |! of |! developmental |! steps |! leading |! to |! a |! specialized |! cell |! type? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Specification, |! determination, |! differentiation As |! cells |! move |! along |! the |! continuum |! from |! stem |! cell |! to |! differentiated |! cell |! which |! of |! the |! following |! correctly |! identifies |! the |! properties |! of |! a |! determined |! cell? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fate |! is |! irreversible. The |! diagram |! shows |! a |! nematode |! embryo |! at |! the |! four |! cell |! stage. |! The |! EMS |! cell |! normally |! divides |! and |! gives |! rise |! to |! cells |! that |! will |! form |! the |! mesoderm |! and |! endoderm. |! Killing |! the |! P2 |! cells |! leads |! to |! the |! disruption |! of |! EMS |! cell |! differentiation, |! which |! of |! the |! following |! best |! describes |! the |! process |! taking |! place? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔conditional |! specification |! of |! the |! EMS |! cell Which |! of |! the |! following |! are |! TRUE |! properties |! of |! embryonic |! stem |! ( |! ES) |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔They |! are |! pluripotent, |! and |! will |! self-renew |! indefinitely. Which |! of |! the |! following |! best |! defines |! asymmetric |! cell |! division? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mitosis |! producing |! unequal |! daughter |! cells |! that |! ensures |! stem |! cell |! self-renewal. Pick |! the |! answer |! that |! BEST |! describes |! the |! potential |! of |! embryonic |! stem |! cells |! (ES |! cells). |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pluripotential Fill |! in |! the |! blanks |! with |! the |! best |! answers.
Based |! on |! these |! observations, |! what |! type |! of |! signaling |! is |! taking |! place? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Paracrine- |! inducer |! released |! from |! a |! distance The |! diagram |! below |! shows |! an |! example |! of |! juxtacrine |! signaling. |! Cell-cell |! contact |! is |! mediated |! through |! the |! __________ |! ligand |! on |! the |! inducing |! cell |! and |! ___________receptor |! on |! the |! responding |! cell |! in |! this |! pathway. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Delta, |! Notcht In |! the |! signaling |! diagram |! on |! the |! below, |! the |! ligand |! binds |! to |! a |! ________ |!. |! Fill |! in |! the |! blank. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Receptor |! tyrosine |! kinase Wnts |! play |! an |! important |! role |! in |! promoting |! EMT |! in |! developing |! neural |! crest |! progenitors. |! What |! is |! the |! receptor |! for |! secreted |! Wnts? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Frizzled Application |! of |! FGF8 |! coated |! beads |! induce |! limb |! mesenchymal |! cell |! proliferation. |! In |! contrast, |! FGF8 |! coated |! beads |! implanted |! on |! the |! epidermis |! of |! the |! back |! do |! not |! promote |! proliferation. |! This |! experiment |! provides |! an |! excellent |! example |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Competence What |! would |! skin |! fibroblasts |! become |! if |! you |! induced |! expression |! of |! Oct4 |! (Pou5tf), |! Myc, |! Klf4, |! and |! Sox2? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔induced |! pluripotent |! stem |! cells |! (iPSCs)
Signaling |! between |! endosteal |! osteoblasts |! and |! hematopoietic |! stem |! cells |! (HSCs) |! in |! the |! bone |! marrow |! niche |! are |! necessary |! for |! which |! of |! the |! following? |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Maintenance |! of |! HSC |! potency |! and |! proliferation Which |! of |! the |! following |! best |! describes |! the |! most |! important |! properties |! of |! the |! Yamanaka |! factors |! for |! iPSC |! generation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pioneering |! transcription |! factors |! expressed |! in |! ES |! cells. Organoids |! are |! considered |! mini-tissues |! in |! a |! 3D |! culture |! dish. |! They |! rely |! on |! an |! extracellular |! matrix |! artificially |! supplied |! to |! support |! organoid |! formation |! and |! growth. |! Organoids |! can |! recapitulate |! many |! or |! all |! of |! the |! cell |! types |! found |! within |! a |! specific |! tissue. |! For |! example, |! intestinal |! organoids |! contain |! the |! diverse |! array |! of |! absorptive |! and |! secretory |! cells |! found |! within |! the |! intestine |! that |! are |! required |! for |! intestine |! function. |! Given |! that |! organoids |! can |! regenerate |! differentiated |! cell |! types |! within |! the |! tissue |! as |! well |! as |! self-renew |! to |! maintain |! the |! organoid |! upon |! multiple |! passages, |! what |! is |! the |! likely |! cell-of- origin |! for |! an |! organoid |! to |! form? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! stem |! cell You |! want |! to |! study |! the |! process |! of |! development |! in |! a |! relatively |! unstudied |! species, |! the |! green |! anole |! lizard. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! best |! method |! for |! quantifying |! expression |! of |! as |! many |! genes |! as |! possible |! in |! specific |! parts |! of |! the |! embryo? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA-Sequencing In |! situ |! hybridization |! (ISH) |! detects |! the |! presence |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! _____? |! Fill |! in |! the |! blank. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mRNA What |! molecule |! does |! Reverse |! Transcription-Polymerase |! Chain |! Reaction |! (RT-PCR) |! allow |! us |! to |! examine? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mRNA
answer |! ✔Replaced |! the |! wild |! type |! Nkx2.5 |! alleles |! with |! a |! neomycin |! resistance |! gene |! in |! ES |! cells |! using |! homologous |! recombination. If |! you |! have |! targeted |! ES |! cells |! and |! inject |! them |! into |! a |! blastocyst |! which |! of |! the |! following |! will |! be |! true? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Some |! embryonic |! cells |! will |! have |! the |! targeted |! gene. What |! will |! be |! the |! result |! of |! thymidine |! kinase |! gene |! (TK) |! being |! incorporated |! into |! an |! ES |! cell's |! genome? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! will |! make |! cells |! sensitive |! to |! Gancyclovir. If |! you |! have |! a |! mouse |! line |! that |! expresses |! Cre |! recombinase |! under |! the |! control |! of |! a |! heart |! specific |! enhancer. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! true? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Only |! cells |! in |! the |! heart |! express |! Cre |! recombinase. A |! mouse |! with |! a |! floxed |! Fgf8 |! allele |! was |! bred |! to |! a |! mouse |! with |! a |! Cre |! recombinase |! transgene |! that |! is |! expressed |! only |! in |! the |! forelimb, |! not |! the |! hindlimb. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! will |! be |! true? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! cells |! of |! the |! forelimbs |! will |! have |! recombined |! Fgf8 |! genes. You |! have |! made |! a |! transgene |! expressing |! the |! Cre |! recombinase |! gene. |! When |! used |! to |! make |! a |! transgenic |! mouse, |! where |! will |! this |! transgene |! integrate |! into |! the |! genome? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! random |! chromosomal |! location You |! want |! to |! find |! all |! of |! the |! tissues |! that |! express |! the |! Sox9 |! gene |! during |! embryogenesis. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! would |! be |! the |! best |! method |! to |! use |! to |!
determine |! this? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Make |! a |! transgene |! expressing |! GFP |! with |! the |! Sox9 |! promoter/ |! enhancer |! sequences.
