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Bio |! 351 |! Midterm |! Exam |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
Genetics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Study |! of |! biological |! inheritance |! patterns |! and |! variations |! in |! organisms Traits |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Distinguishing |! characteristics |! that |! are |! inherited Example |! of |! a |! trait: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eye |! color Austrian |! Monk |! who |! laid |! basis |! for |! genetics |! in |! 1800's. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Gregor |! Mendel Law |! of |! Segregation— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mendel's |! First |! Law: |! organism's |! inherit |! one |! gene |! from |! each |! parent. |! Organisms |! only |! donate |! one |! copy |! of |! each |! gene |! in |! their |! gametes. Gene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔specific |! region |! of |! DNA |! that |! codes |! for |! a |! particular |! protein Each |! gene |! has |! a |! [blank] |! or |! position |! on |! a |! pair |! of |! homologous |! chromosomes. |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Locus
Allele— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔any |! of |! the |! alternative |! forms |! of |! a |! gene |! that |! occurs |! at |! a |! specific |! place |! on |! a |! chromosome |! (locus) How |! many |! alleles |! for |! each |! gene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 2 Heterozygous |! Alleles |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Different |! alleles |! at |! a |! specific |! locus homozygous |! alleles |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Two |! of |! the |! same |! alleles |! at |! a |! specific |! locus Genotype— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genetic |! makeup |! of |! a |! specific |! set |! of |! genes Phenotype— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Physical |! characteristics |! or |! traits Law |! of |! Indpendent |! Assortment |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mendel's |! second |! law; |! alleles |! of |! different |! genes |! separate |! independently |! of |! one |! another |! during |! meiosis. Special |! units |! of |! trait |! inheritance |! equals |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genes A |! gene |! carries |! instructions |! for |! [blank] |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Traits Genes |! are |! found |! where? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔On |! our |! chromosomes
Kayotype— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Describes |! the |! number |! of |! chromosomes |! and |! what |! they |! look |! like |! under |! a |! microscope. DNA |! Fingerprinting— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Procedure |! when |! the |! genetic |! information |! in |! a |! person's |! cells |! is |! analyzed |! and |! identified. DNA |! Fingerprintinf |! can |! determine: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Family |! Relationship Detect |! Inherited |! Diseases Prove |! Guilt |! or |! Innocence Identify |! a |! Dead |! Body Gene |! Therapy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔experimental |! technique |! that |! uses |! genes |! to |! treat |! or |! prevent |! disease Recombinant |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! made |! from |! two |! or |! more |! organsims Example |! of |! a |! genetically |! modified |! medicine: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Insulin |! made |! via |! bacteria Genetically |! Modified |! Food— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Creates |! herbicide/drought |! resistant |! crops [blank] |! make |! animals |! bigger |! and |! faster |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Growth |! Hormones
Concerns |! of |! Genetic |! Engineering/Biotech: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔No |! understanding |! of |! long |! term |! health |! effects Decrease |! in |! nutritional |! value |! of |! food Loss |! of |! biodiversity Possible |! widespread |! crop |! failure Scientists |! can |! manipulate |! DNA |! by |! using... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Restriction |! enzymes Restriction |! Enzymes... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cut |! the |! DNA |! strand |! at |! different |! locations |! like |! scissors After |! cutting |! DNA |! the |! ends |! are |! called: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sticky |! Ends DNA |! can |! be |! separated |! after |! being |! cut |! through |! a |! process |! called: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Gel |! electrophoresis Copying |! pieces |! of |! DNA |! through... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Polymerase |! chain |! reaction Polymerase |! Chain |! Reaction |! is |! a |! process |! of... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Denaturizing |! and |! annealing Proteins |! have |! [blank] |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sulfur
The |! base |! pairing |! rule |! and |! genetic |! code |! is... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Universal All |! species |! share |! the |! same |! [blank]. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Base |! pairs Most |! organisms |! share |! a |! common |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ancestry Replication— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! DNA |! is |! copied |! during |! the |! cell |! cycle What |! phase |! of |! the |! cell |! cycle |! does |! DNA |! Replication |! occur? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Synthesis Enzyme— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Protein |! that |! speeds |! up |! a |! reaction Proteins |! help |! [blank] |! make |! a |! copy |! of |! itself. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA [blank] |! is |! a |! protein |! that |! unzips |! the |! DNA |! strands. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Helicase DNA |! Polymerase— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔enzyme |! that |! binds |! new |! nucleotides |! together -ase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Enzyme
DNA |! Replication |! helps |! [blank] |! genetic |! material. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Conserve Replication |! is... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fast |! and |! Accurate DNA |! Polymerase |! can |! detect |! if |! a |! [blank] |! nucleotide |! is |! added, |! remove |! it, |! replace |! it, |! and |! continue |! on. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wrong 1 |! error |! per... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1 |! billion |! nucleotides. Central |! Dogma |! has |! 3 |! Processes: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Replication, |! Transcription, |! and |! Translation In |! prokaryotic |! cells, |! the |! central |! dogma |! takes |! place |! in |! the... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cytoplasm In |! eukaryotic |! cells |! [blank] |! and |! [blank] |! take |! place |! in |! the |! nucleus. |! Translation |! takes |! place |! in |! the |! cytoplasm. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Replication |! and |! Transcription Every |! living |! thing |! has... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA All |! living |! organisms |! pass |! down |! genetic... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Information
Transfer |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Brings |! amino |! acids |! from |! a |! cytoplasm |! to |! a |! ribosome. Translation— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Process |! that |! converts |! mRNA |! into |! a |! protein |! or |! polypeptide Codon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔three-nucleotide |! sequence |! on |! messenger |! RNA |! that |! codes |! for |! a |! single |! amino |! acid Start |! Codon: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Met. Three |! stop |! codons: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔UAA, |! UAG, |! UGA tRNA |! can |! read |! [blank] |! RNA |! by |! matching |! it |! to |! the |! anticodon. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Messenger Mutation— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Change |! in |! an |! organism's |! DNA Point |! Mutation— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mutation |! in |! which |! one |! nucleotide |! is |! substituted |! for |! another. 3 |! Types |! or |! Point |! Mutations: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Silent, |! Nonsense, |! and |! Missense
Frameshift |! Mutation— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Insertion |! or |! deletion |! of |! a |! nucleotide |! in |! the |! DNA |! sequence Mutagens— |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Things |! in |! the |! environment |! that |! change |! DNA 2 |! Mutagens: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Chemicals |! and |! UV |! Rays A |! ___________ |! is |! a |! sequence |! of |! nucleotides |! that |! are |! basic |! units |! of |! biological |! information. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Gene ___________ |! is |! the |! science |! of |! heredity |! and |! it |! seeks |! a |! precise |! explanation |! of |! the |! biological |! structures |! and |! mechanisms |! that |! determine |! what |! is |! inherited |! and |! how |! it |! is |! inherited. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genetics ___________ |! is |! the |! purposeful |! control |! over |! mating |! by |! choice |! of |! parents |! for |! the |! next |! generation. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Artificial |! Selection ___________ |! is |! the |! process |! whereby |! both |! egg |! and |! pollen |! come |! from |! the |! same |! plant. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Self |! Fertilization ___________ |! is |! a |! Mendelian |! Law |! that |! states |! that |! both |! alleles |! must |! separate |! during |! gamete |! formation. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Law |! of |! Segregation.
A |! ___________ |! is |! a |! cross |! between |! an |! unknown |! and |! homozygous |! recessive. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Testcross If |! an |! individual |! has |! 10 |! gene |! pairs, |! how |! many |! different |! gametes |! can |! be |! formed |! if |! three |! of |! the |! gene |! pairs |! are |! homozygous |! and |! the |! remaining |! 7 |! gene |! pairs |! are |! heterozygous? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 128 If |! the |! parents |! of |! a |! family |! already |! have |! two |! boys, |! what |! is |! the |! probability |! that |! the |! next |! two |! offsprings |! will |! be |! girls? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1/ If |! some |! genetically |! engineered |! corn |! plants |! the |! dominant |! gene |! (BT) |! produces |! a |! protein |! that |! is |! lethal |! to |! certain |! flying |! inset |! pests |! that |! cell |! the |! corn |! plants. |! It |! was |! also |! found |! that |! the |! pollen |! could |! also |! cause |! death |! in |! some |! flying |! insects. |! If |! the |! corn |! plant |! is |! heterozygous |! for |! BT, |! what |! proportion |! of |! the |! pollen |! would |! carry |! the |! dominant |! gene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1/ Suppose |! that |! in |! plants, |! smooth |! seeds |! (S) |! are |! dominant |! to |! wrinkle |! seeds |! (s) |! and |! tall |! plants |! (T) |! are |! dominant |! to |! short |! plants |! (t). |! A |! tall |! plant |! with |! smooth |! seeds |! was |! backcrossed |! to |! a |! parent |! that |! was |! short |! and |! wrinkle. |! What |! proportion |! of |! the |! progeny |! is |! expected |! to |! e |! heterozygous |! for |! tall |! and |! smooth? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1/ Suppose |! that |! in |! plants, |! smooth |! seeds |! (S) |! are |! dominant |! to |! wrinkle |! seeds |! (s) |! and |! tall |! plants |! (T) |! are |! dominant |! to |! short |! plants |! (t). |! A |! tall |! plant |! with |! smooth |! seeds |! was |! backcrossed |! to |! a |! parent |! that |! was |! short |! and |! wrinkle. |! What |! proportion |! of |! the |! progeny |! is |! expected |! to |! be |! homozygous |! for |! short |! and |! wrinkle? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1/
Sickle |! cell |! anemia |! is |! a |! recessive |! trait |! in |! humans. |! In |! a |! cross |! between |! a |! father |! who |! has |! sickle |! cell |! anemia |! and |! a |! mother |! is |! heterozygous |! for |! the |! gene, |! what |! is |! the |! probability |! that |! their |! first |! three |! children |! will |! be |! normal? |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1/ The |! dominant |! trait, |! Huntington |! disease |! causes |! severe |! neural/brain |! damage |! at |! approximately |! age |! 4. |! A |! female |! who |! mother |! has |! Huntington |! disease, |! marries |! a |! male |! whose |! parents |! are |! normal. |! It |! is |! not |! known |! if |! the |! female |! has |! the |! disease. |! What |! is |! the |! probability |! that |! their |! first-born |! will |! inherit |! the |! gene |! that |! causes |! Huntington |! disease? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔25% In |! a |! monohybrid |! cross |! AA |! x |! aa, |! how |! many |! homozygotes |! are |! found |! among |! the |! F2 |! offspring? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 3 In |! a |! monohybrid |! cross |! AA |! x |! aa, |! how |! many |! heterozygotes |! are |! fun |! among |! the |! F2 |! offspring? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 2 In |! a |! dihybrid |! cross |! AAbb |! x |! aaBB, |! how |! many |! homozygotes |! are |! found |! among |! the |! F2 |! offspring? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 4 In |! a |! dihybrid |! cross |! AABB |! x |! aabb, |! how |! many |! heterozygotes |! at |! both |! gene |! pairs |! are |! found |! among |! the |! F2 |! offspring? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 4 In |! the |! dihybrid |! cross |! AaBb |! x |! aabb, |! how |! many |! homozygotes |! are |! hound |! among |! the |! F1 |! offspring? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1
___________ |! fertilization |! in |! which |! both |! egg |! and |! pollen |! come |! from |! the |! same |! plant, |! resulting |! in |! offspring |! with |! the |! same |! genetic |! traits |! as |! the |! single |! parent. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Self-Fertilization ___________ |! to |! brush |! the |! pollen |! from |! one |! plant |! onto |! the |! female |! organ |! of |! another |! plant, |! thereby |! crating |! offspring |! with |! the |! particular |! traits |! of |! the |! selected |! parent |! plants. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cross |! Fertilize ___________ |! crosses |! in |! which |! the |! male |! and |! female |! traits |! are |! reversed, |! thereby |! controlling |! whether |! a |! particular |! trait |! is |! transmitted |! by |! the |! egg |! or |! pollen. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Reciprocal |! Crosses ___________ |! crosses |! between |! parents |! that |! differ |! in |! only |! one |! trait. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Monohybrid |! Crosses An |! allele |! that |! expresses |! its |! phenotype |! even |! when |! heterozygous |! with |! a |! recessive |! allele |! is |! termed: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dominant An |! alternative |! form |! of |! a |! single |! gene |! is |! known |! as(n): |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Allele The |! diploid |! cell |! formed |! by |! the |! fertilization |! fo |! the |! egg |! by |! the |! sperm |! during |! sexual |! reproductions |! is |! a(n): |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dihybrid
A |! phenotype |! of |! reflecting |! a |! new |! combination |! of |! genes |! occurring |! during |! gamete |! formation |! is |! called: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! Recombinant |! Type The |! actual |! alleges |! present |! in |! an |! individual |! are |! called |! their: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genotype Mendel |! was |! the |! only |! botanist |! to |! work |! with |! large |! numbers |! of |! offspring, |! to |! count |! all |! offspring, |! subject |! his |! result |! to |! statistical |! analysis |! and |! then |! compare |! his |! results |! with |! predictions |! based |! on |! his |! models. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False The |! mating |! of |! parents |! with |! antagonistic |! traits |! that |! produces |! hybrids. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True Mendel's |! law |! of |! segregation |! states |! that |! two |! allele |! for |! each |! trait |! unite |! in |! a |! specific |! manner |! during |! gamete |! formation |! and |! therefore |! give |! to |! predictable |! observable |! traits. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False The |! Punnet |! square |! was |! introduced |! in |! 1906 |! by |! Reginald |! Punnet |! and |! provides |! a |! simple |! and |! convenient |! method |! of |! tracking |! possible |! combinations |! of |! gametes |! that |! might |! be |! produced |! in |! a |! given |! cross. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True Using |! the |! product |! rule, |! one |! Ould |! calculate |! the |! probability |! of |! parents |! having |! six |! children |! who |! are |! all |! boys |! as |! (1/2)^6. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True
Several |! single-gene |! disorders |! are |! more |! common |! ins |! some |! populations |! of |! people |! than |! others. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True lethal |! disorder |! does |! not |! include |! the |! inheritance |! of |! traits |! that |! cause |! death |! in |! adulthood. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False The |! following |! symbols |! ~ |! = |! ± |! indicate |! a |! consanguineous |! mating. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True Cross-fertilization |! is |! the |! same |! thing |! as |! reciprocal |! cross. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False The |! first |! filial |! generation |! is |! the |! offspring |! of |! parents. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True A |! zygote |! is |! a |! fertilized |! egg. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False A |! YY |! or |! yy |! genotype |! is |! called |! heterozygous |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False When |! Mendel |! repeated |! his |! pea |! experiments |! in |! bean, |! he |! found |! flowers |! that |! ranged |! from |! white |! to |! pale |! violet |! to |! purple. |! This |! is |! due |! to |! bean |! flower |! color |! being |! determined |! by |! more |! that |! one |! gene. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True In |! corn |! liguleless |! (I^1) |! is |! recessive |! to |! ligules |! (L^1) |! and |! a |! green |! leaf |! (G) |! is |! dominant |! to |! the |! normal |! non-green |! (g). |! If |! a |! plant |! homozygous |! for |! liguleless |!
and |! green |! leaves |! is |! crossed |! to |! one |! homozygous |! for |! non-green |! with |! ligules, |! predict |! the |! phenotypes |! and |! genotypes |! of |! the |! F1. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genotype: |! LIGg |! Phenotype: |! Ligules/Green If |! an |! F1 |! plant |! from |! the |! questions |! above |! were |! test |! crossed, |! what |! would |! be |! the |! phenotypes |! and |! genotypes |! of |! the |! progeny? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genotypes: LIgg/Ligules Llgg/Ligules llGg/Liguless llgg/Liguless Phenotypes: Green non-green Green non-green In |! corn |! liguleless |! (I^1) |! is |! recessive |! to |! ligules |! (L^1) |! and |! a |! green |! leaf |! (G) |! is |! dominant |! to |! the |! normal |! non-green |! (g). |! If |! a |! plant |! homozygous |! for |! liguleless |! and |! green |! leaves |! is |! crossed |! to |! one |! homozygous |! for |! non-green |! with |! ligules |! prdict |! the |! phenotypes |! and |! genotypes |! of |! F2. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Genotypes: 1: |! LLGG/ |! Ligules 2: |! LLGg/Ligules
