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BIO |! 351 |! FINAL |! EXAM |! WITH |! PRECISE |!
DETAILED |! SOLUTIONS
Which |! of |! the |! following |! adult |! structures |! is |! derived |! from |! somites? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tendons, |! vertebrae Cells |! that |! become |! the |! _________ |! undergo |! a |! ____________ |! to |! __________ |! transition |! first. |! Fill |! in |! the |! blanks. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sclerotome, |! epithelial, |! mesenchymal The |! endocardial |! cushion |! cells |! have |! important |! roles |! in |! heart |! formation. |! Defects |! in |! the |! endocardial |! cushions |! have |! been |! associated |! with |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔septation |! defects Spondylocostal |! dysostosis |! and |! congenital |! scoliosis |! are |! examples |! of |! disruption |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! genetic |! pathways? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Notch Somitogenesis |! is |! a |! developmental |! process |! that |! involves |! multiple |! steps |! regulated |! by |! specific |! gene |! interactions. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! correctly |! matches |! the |! gene/factor |! and |! its |! action |! during |! somitogenesis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FGF8/Wnt3a |! and |! retinoic |! acid, |! location |! of |! the |! determination |! front
Which |! of |! the |! following |! tissues |! is |! derived |! from |! the |! paraxial |! mesoderm? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dermomyotome, |! syndetome, |! sclerotome Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! correct |! order |! of |! the |! neural |! tube |! defects |! from |! least |! to |! most |! severe? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔spina |! bifida |! occulta, |! myelomeningocele, |! anecephaly Situs |! inversus |! is |! a |! rare |! genetic |! condition |! where |! the |! normally |! asymmetric |! localization |! of |! internal |! organs |! is |! inverted. |! A |! mutation |! in |! which |! of |! the |! following |! genes |! is |! most |! likely |! linked |! to |! this |! condition? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dnah11 |! - |! a |! cytoskeletal |! component |! that |! regulates |! cilia |! motility The |! long |! axis |! of |! the |! neural |! tube |! runs |! along |! which |! axis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔rostral-caudal The |! neural |! tube |! is |! derived |! which |! of |! the |! following |! germ |! layers? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ectoderm Dorsal-ventral |! specification |! of |! the |! neural |! tube |! is |! regulated |! by |! secretion |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔BMP4/7 |! from |! the |! roof |! plate |! (dorsal) |! / |! Shh |! from |! the |! notochord |! (ventral) The |! developing |! human |! gastrula |! is |! patterned |! along |! the |! anterior-posterior |! axis |! by |! a |! number |! of |! secreted |! cues. |! The |! anterior |! visceral |! endoderm |! migrates |! from |! the |! _________ |! tip |! and |! secretes |! Wnt |! antagonists |! that |! direct |! appropriate |! patterning |! along |! the |! ___________ |! axis. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔distal, |! anterior- posterior
A |! lack |! of |! Schwann |! cells |! and |! the |! absence |! of |! major |! nerve |! clusters, |! such |! as |! the |! sympathetic |! ganglia, |! most |! likely |! resulted |! from |! defects |! in |! which |! of |! the |! following |! cell |! types? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔neural |! crest Which |! cytoskeletal |! component |! is |! found |! at |! particularly |! high |! concentrations |! underneath |! the |! plasma |! membrane |! of |! an |! active |! growth |! cone. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔actin Nociceptive |! neurons |! mediate |! ____ |! and |! are |! dependent |! upon |! _____ |! during |! development. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pain, |! NGF Tbx5 |! is |! expressed |! in |! the |! developing |! limbs |! and |! heart. |! You |! want |! to |! examine |! the |! role |! of |! Tbx5 |! in |! the |! development |! of |! the |! limb |! only. |! Which |! approach |! would |! you |! choose? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cre/Lox |! using |! a |! limb |! specific |! promoter |! driving |! Cre |! expression |! and |! a |! floxed |! Tbx5 |! gene Skeletal |! muscles |! that |! form |! the |! deep |! muscles |! of |! the |! back |! derive |! from |! ____________. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dorsal |! medial |! lip |! (DML) Boniva |! (ibandronic |! acid) |! is |! a |! commonly |! marketed |! drug |! for |! osteoporosis |! to |! increase |! bone |! mass. |! It |! acts |! by |! inhibiting |! the |! action |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔osteoclasts Osteogenesis |! imperfecta |! is |! a |! disease |! that |! results |! from |! a |! genetic |! mutation |! that |! disrupts |! the |! formation |! of |! ____________ |! that |! is |! required |! for |! strength |! of |! bone. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔collagen |! I
In |! the |! embryo, |! the |! early |! skeletal |! muscle |! originates |! from |! the |! __________. |! In |! the |! adult, |! skeletal |! muscle |! is |! repaired |! by |! fusion |! of |! ____________ |! with |! muscle |! fibers. |! Fill |! in |! the |! blanks. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔myotome, |! satellite |! cells Which |! of |! the |! following |! correctly |! matches |! a |! cell |! type |! in |! bone |! and |! its |! function? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔osteoclast, |! bone |! resorption Skeletal |! muscles |! of |! the |! jaw |! derive |! from |! ___________ |! while |! deep |! muscles |! of |! the |! back |! derive |! from |! ____________. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Neural |! crest, |! DML |! of |! the |! dermamyotome Which |! of |! the |! following |! cell |! types |! is |! formed |! from |! epiblast |! cells |! that |! migrate |! through |! the |! primitive |! streak? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔.mesoderm |! - |! the |! mesoderm |! forms |! from |! the |! epiblast |! cells |! migrating |! through |! the |! primitive |! streak. All |! the |! cells |! of |! the |! embryo |! proper |! (all |! the |! cells |! in |! your |! body |! now) |! derive |! from |! which |! of |! the |! following |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔epiblast In |! the |! mammalian |! embryo, |! which |! structure |! is |! essential |! to |! set |! up |! the |! anterior-posterior |! axis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Anterior |! visceral |! endoderm A |! 25 |! year-old |! woman |! who |! is |! pregnant |! for |! the |! first |! time |! undergoes |! amniocentesis |! during |! the |! 25th |! week |! of |! pregnancy. |! This |! testing |! reveals |! an |! increased |! level |! of |! acetylcholinesterase |! in |! the |! amniotic |! fluid. |! Acetylcholinesterase |! is |! normally |! produced |! in |! the |! CNS |! and |! cannot |! cross |! the
expressed |! genes |! such |! as |! ___________________ |! to |! regulate |! somitogenesis. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FGF8, |! lunatic |! fringe This |! individual |! has |! one |! of |! the |! most |! common |! autosomal |! recessive |! genetic |! diseases |! in |! the |! Puerto |! Rican |! population. |! Vertebral |! segments |! are |! formed |! but |! completely |! FUSED. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! best |! matches |! the |! underlying |! cause |! of |! the |! vertebral |! fusion? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mutation |! in |! a |! gene |! that |! generates |! the |! determination |! front |! - |! CORRECT, |! function |! of |! gene |! gradient |! and |! cycling |! genes |! at |! the |! determination |! front |! are |! required |! for |! segmentation The |! vertebrae |! are |! formed |! by |! resegmentation |! and |! fusion |! of |! the |! _________ |! compartment |! of |! a |! somite |! and |! the |! _________ |! compartment |! of |! the |! immediately |! posterior/caudal |! somite. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔caudal, |! rostral The |! neural |! crest |! is |! derived |! from |! _______. |! An |! important |! step |! in |! neural |! crest |! induction |! is |! activation |! of |! the |! __________ |! promoter. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ectoderm, |! β-catenin Why |! are |! craniofacial |! defects |! such |! as |! cleft |! palate |! or |! cleft |! lip |! a |! signal |! to |! physicians |! to |! look |! for |! more |! serious |! defects |! such |! as |! heart |! abnormalities |! in |! newborns? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔These |! organs |! all |! depend |! upon |! a |! common |! and |! important |! contribution |! from |! neural |! crest The |! neural |! crest |! migrates |! from |! the |! __________ |! neural |! tube |! and |! then |! into |! in |! the |! skin |! along |! the |! ________ |! pathway |! to |! generate |! melanocytes. |! This |! explains |! why |! you |! have |! coloration |! defects |! as |! seen |! in |! Waardenburg |! syndrome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dorsal, |! dorsolateral
You |! have |! surgically |! removed |! the |! anterior |! endoderm |! from |! a |! one |! day |! old |! chick |! embryo. |! The |! embryo |! is |! subsequently |! cultured |! and |! you |! perform |! ISH |! for |! Tbx5. |! What |! do |! you |! predict |! will |! happen? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tbx5 |! will |! not |! be |! expressed Heart |! looping |! ________ |!. |! Finish |! the |! sentence. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔converts |! anterior-posterior |! polarity |! to |! left-right |! polarity. Axonal |! growth |! cones |! are |! highly |! dynamic |! structures |! that |! extend |! wave |! like |! extensions |! known |! as |! lamellipodia |! and |! finger |! like |! extensions |! called |! ________. |! _____ |! are |! crucial |! intracellular |! signaling |! molecules |! that |! translate |! extracellular |! signals |! into |! cytoskeletal |! changes |! within |! the |! growth |! cone. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Filopodia, |! Rho |! GTPase You |! have |! deleted |! Bax |! from |! neural |! crest |! cells |! using |! a |! Wnt1:Cre |! line |! in |! mice. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! outcomes |! would |! you |! expect |! at |! birth |! in |! these |! mutant |! mice |! relative |! to |! controls? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Increased |! number |! of |! DRG |! neurons The |! SCN9A |! gene |! produces |! a |! subunit |! of |! a |! sodium |! channel |! called |! NaV1.7. |! Mutations |! in |! SCN9A |! cause |! a |! rare |! condition |! known |! as |! congenital |! insensitivity |! to |! pain |! that |! disrupts |! nociceptive |! neuron |! action |! potential |! generation. |! You |! would |! like |! to |! generate |! a |! transgene |! for |! a |! viral |! vector |! that |! will |! restore |! SCN9A |! expression |! in |! these |! patients. |! The |! promoter |! from |! which |! of |! the |! following |! genes |! would |! be |! most |! appropriate |! for |! the |! transgene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TrkA
A |! developing |! embryo |! is |! treated |! with |! a |! toxin |! thatcompletely |! disrupts |! all |! neuromuscular |! junctiondevelopment. |! You |! would |! expect |! muscle |! development |! inthis |! embryo |! to |! be |! halted |! at |! which |! stage? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Formation |! of |! secondary |! myotubes |! CORRECT. |! Formation |! of |! secondary |! myotubes |! requires |! innervation |! at |! the |! neuromuscular |! junctions. |! The |! previous |! steps |! do |! not |! required |! the |! innervation. In |! a |! molecular |! genetic |! study, |! all |! stillborn |! fetuses |! are |! screened |! for |! mutations |! in |! Collagen |! Type |! II. |! The |! result |! of |! mutations |! in |! this |! gene |! leads |! to |! a |! form |! of |! achondrogenesis. |! Which |! developmental |! steps |! are |! most |! affected? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Development |! of |! cartilage |! from |! sclerotome |! CORRECT, |! Collagen |! type |! II |! is |! a |! key |! structural |! component |! of |! cartilage |! and |! disrupted |! cartilage |! affects |! long |! bone |! growth. |! Bone |! formation |! is |! normal. You |! work |! for |! MegaPharm, |! a |! startup |! pharmaceutical |! company. |! Your |! research |! shows |! that |! you |! have |! identified |! a |! compound |! that |! inhibits |! osteoclasts. |! What |! would |! you |! expect |! if |! you |! treated |! adult |! mice |! with |! this |! compound? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dense, |! heavy |! bone |! CORRECT, |! osteoclasts |! digest |! bone. |! If |! you |! inhibit |! this |! process, |! the |! normal |! process |! of |! bone |! resorption |! is |! disrupted |! and |! you |! would |! end |! up |! with |! dense |! and |! heavy |! bone. Which |! of |! the |! following |! embryonic |! cell |! types |! makes |! the |! largest |! contribution |! to |! the |! cells |! currently |! in |! your |! body? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔epiblast the |! formation |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! tissues |! would |! be |! most |! affected |! if |! you |! removed |! the |! anterior |! endoderm |! from |! a |! developing |! embryo? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cardiogenic |! mesoderm
fosamax |! (alendronate |! sodium) |! was |! a |! commonly |! marketed |! drug |! for |! osteoporosis. |! which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! most |! likely |! the |! mechanism |! action |! of |! this |! drug? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inhibit |! oseteoclasts |! to |! increase |! bone |! rebuilding which |! of |! the |! regions |! indicated |! in |! the |! transverse |! cross |! section |! of |! the |! embryo |! to |! the |! right |! is |! primary |! source |! of |! patterning |! cue, |! Bmp4? |! (picture |! that |! looks |! like |! brain, |! A |! is |! at |! the |! top |!! |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A in |! an |! early |! rodent |! embryo, |! the |! site |! where |! the |! primitive |! streak |! begins |! to |! form |! is |! CLOSEST |! to |! the |! future |! location |! of |! the |! _______ |! in |! an |! adult? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tail match |! the |! combination |! of |! the |! following |! terms |! that |! is |! correct |! for |! 1,2,3, |! indicated |! for |! major |! body |! axis |! (picture |! of |! a |! cat |! ) |! 1 |! is |! going |! horizontal |! left |! under |! cat |! chin |! and |! 2 |! is |! going |! vertical |! middle |! back |!. |! 3 |! is |! another |! photo |! and |! the |! arrow |! is |! diagonal |! up |! right |! and |! 3 |! is |! at |! cat |! shoulder. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1-rostral 2-ventral 3- |! proximal according |! to |! recent |! surveys |! only |! 34% |! of |! women |! between |! the |! ages |! 18-45 |! report |! taking |! prenatal |! vitamins |! before |! they |! knew |! they |! were |! pregnant. |! _______ |! is |! an |! important |! component |! of |! prenatal |! vitamins |! that |! reduced |! risk |! of |! _______. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔folate, |! neural |! tube |! closure |! defects
answer |! ✔neurons |! are |! initially |! overproduced |! and |! undergo |! apoptosis |! if |! unable |! to |! acquire |! limiting |! levels |! of |! neurotrophins |! in |! the |! target in |! the |! picture |! on |! the |! right, |! note |! the |! defect |! in |! limb |! patterning |! in |! the |! mutant. |! this |! would |! be |! most |! consistent |! with |! a |! deletion |! in |! the |! _____________ |! gene |! causing |! a |! defect |! in |! patterning |! along |! the |! _______ |! axis. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wnt7a, |! dorsal-ventral If |! you |! treat |! a |! developing |! embryo |! with |! a |! toxin |! that |! completely |! inhibits |! the |! formation |! of |! neuromuscular |! junctions |! you |! would |! expect |! myogenesis |! to |! be |! blocked |! after |! which |! of |! the |! following |! stages? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fusion |! of |! myoblasts |! into |! primary |! myotubes What |! is |! an |! important |! outcome |! of |! heart |! looping? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔conversion |! of |! anterior-posterior |! asymmetry |! to |! left-right |! asymmetry During |! heart |! development, |! what |! is |! the |! correct |! temporal |! order |! of |! events |! in |! morphogenesis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔specification |! of |! cardiogenic |! mesoderm, |! formation |! of |! heart |! fields, |! formation |! of |! linear |! heart |! tube, |! looping, |! and |! septation In |! the |! diagrams |! below |! which |! one |! illustrates |! the |! most |! likely |! outcome |! of |! a |! selective |! defect |! in |! cardiac |! neural |! crest |! development? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! heart |! pic |! different |! than |! others. |! cirlce |! at |! top which |! of |! these |! embryonic |! tissue |! types |! do |! not |! heavily |! depend |! on |! EMT |! to |! form |! during |! early |! development? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Definitive |! endoderm, |!
neral |! tube, |! neural |! crest,premesotic |! mesoderm |! (IDKKK |! all |! answers |! accepted) What |! process |! underlies |! the |! stereotyped, |! segmental |! pattern |! of |! DRG |! formation, |! as |! shown |! in |! the |! image |! of |! the |! E12 |! neurofilament |! labeled |! mouse |! embryo |! on |! the |! right.? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Repulsion |! of |! neural |! crest |! migration |! into |! the |! caudal/posterior |! somite |! by |! Eph/Ephrins What |! cell |! type |! is |! primarily |! generated |! from |! trunk |! neural |! crest |! that |! migrate |! through |! the |! dorsolateral |! pathway? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔melanocytes which |! of |! the |! following |! processes |! typically |! occurs |! last |! during |! mammalian |! nervous |! system |! development? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔completion |! of |! myelination |! in |! the |! prefrontal |! cortex What |! is |! the |! crrect |! match |! between |! somite |! compartments |! and |! the |! adult |! tissues |! that |! are |! derived |! from |! that |! compartment? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔syndetome, |! tendons which |! of |! the |! images |! below |! provides |! the |! best |! example |! of |! HOLOBLASTIC |! cleavage |! in |! a |! fertilized |! egg? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pic |! with |! 2 |! connected |! circles A |! mutation |! in |! which |! of |! the |! following |! parts |! of |! a |! gene |! is |! likely |! to |! cause |! spondylocostal |! dysostosis, |! a |! group |! of |! condition |! characterized |! by |! abnormal |! development |! of |! bones |! in |! the |! spine |! and |! ribs? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Lmx1b
Runx3 |! is |! an |! important |! transcription |! factor |! that |! selectively |! regulates |! the |! development |! of |! TrkC |! expressing |! sensory |! neurons. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! phenotypes |! would |! you |! predict |! in |! a |! Runx3 |! -/- |! mouse |! model? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔decreased |! sensitivity |! to |! muscle |! stretch |! refleces which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! a |! crucial |! developmental |! process |! that |! directly |! contributes |! to |! the |! formation |! of |! the |! mesoderm |! and |! endoderm |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔gastrulation Below |! are |! images |! embryos |! stained |! using |! in |! situ |! hybridization. |! The |! anterior |! part |! of |! this |! embryo |! is |! positioned |! at |! the |! top |! of |! the |! image. |! Which |! one |! is |! most |! likley |! stained |! with |! riboprobes |! for |! RALDH2, |! a |! retonic |! acid |! (RA) |! processing |! enzyme? |! pics |! that |! looks |! like |! mini |! skeletons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔B |! or |! photo |! with |! darkness |! at |! top Bromodeoxyuridine |! (BrdU) |! is |! a |! compound |! that |! incorporates |! into |! dividing |! cells |! during |! S-phase. |! Following |! injection |! of |! BRdU |! into |! an |! embryonic |! rat, |! you |! analyze |! the |! cerebral |! cortex |! at |! birth |! and |! note |! a |! number |! of |! labeled |! neurons |! in |! upper |! cortical |! layers |! Layer |! 2. |! What |! embryonic |! stage |! did |! you |! most |! likely |! administer |! the |! BrdU? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Near |! the |! end |! of |! the |! period |! of |! neurogenesis for |! bones |! that |! form |! by |! endochondral |! ossification, |! mesenchymal |! cells |! will |! first |! express |! __________, |! and |! then |! will |! express |! ______, |! and |! become |! __________, |! as |! they |! condense |! to |! form |! compact |! nodules. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pax1, |! Sox9, |! chondrocytes
in |! the |! image |! of |! a |! developing |! ventricular |! zone |! on |! the |! right, |! where |! will |! the |! neuroepithelial |! progenitors |! undergo |! mitosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔at |! the |! ventricular |! surface what |! CNS |! stem |! cell |! creates |! a |! scaffold |! traversing |! the |! developing |! cortex |! that |! guides |! migrating |! neurons |! to |! their |! final |! location |! upon |! exiting |! the |! ventricular |! zone? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Radial |! glia The |! image |! on |! the |! right |! is |! of |! a |! 24-hour |! old |! chick |! embryo. |! What |! tissue |! is |! found |! MOST |! DISTANT |! from |! the |! location |! designated |! by |! the |! arros |! on |! the |! image? |! (arros |! are |! at |! the |! bottom |! portion) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cranial |! neural |! crest
- |! In |! the |! diagram |! to |! the |! right,B |! points |! to |! the |! _______, |! which |! develops |! into |! the |! ______________. |! (pic |! that |! kept |! coming |! up)
- |! In |! the |! diagram |! from |! the |! previous |! question |! which |! letter |! points |! to |! the |! somite |! compartment |! that |! forms |! the |! vertebrae |! and |! axial |! skeleton? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! dorsal-medal |! lip |! of |! the |! dermamyotome, |! epaxial |! muscles |!
- |! D |! (open |! portion |! little |! things |! under |! B Atrial |! and |! ventricular |! septal |! defects |! are |! most |! frequently |! associated |! with |! defects |! in |! the |! development |! of |! which |! tissues? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔endocardial |! cushions the |! craniofacial |! and |! musculoskeletal |! tissues |! are |! primarily |! derived |! from |! a |! combinationof |! ____ |! and |! ________. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cranial |! neural |! crest, |! mesoderm
inthe |! image |! on |! the |! right, |! what |! arrow |! best |! indicates |! the |! location |! of |! the |! extravillous |! trophoblast, |! the |! primary |! site |! where |! maternally |! derived |! pathogens, |! such |! as |! toxoplasmosis, |! are |! thought |! to |! cross |! into |! the |! fetal |! bloodstream? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔B |! -> |! the |! patch |! of |! them |! under |! the |! opening a |! 17-year |! old |! patient |! who |! comes |! into |! the |! clinic |! with |! a |! lack |! of |! menstruation |! and |! obesity. |! Tests |! show |! the |! patient |! has |! very |! low |! levels |! of |! follicle |! stimulating |! hormone |! (FSH) |! and |! LH. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! most |! likley |! defect? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Frolich |! syndrome which |! of |! the |! following |! organs |! is |! defective |! if |! you |! have |! a |! patient |! with |! primary |! hypogonadism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔adrenal |! gland BMP4 |! and |! BMP8b |! are |! secreted |! from |! extraembryonic |! ectoderm |! at |! E7.0 |! in |! mouse |! embryos. |! In |! response |! to |! these |! factors, |! competent |! cells |! at |! the |! posterior |! of |! the |! embryo |! will |! _______. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔express |! Fragillis, |! Blimp1, |! and |! stella |! and |! become |! primordial |! germ |! cells the |! three-year |! old |! child |! on |! the |! right |! exhbits |! a |! flattened |! nasal |! bridge, |! increased |! distance |! between |! the |! eyes, |! abnormal |! ear |! development, |! and |! cardiac |! outflow |! tract |! deficits. |! His |! limbs |! and |! digits |! are |! normal. |! Gestational |! exposure |! to |! which |! of |! the |! following |! compounds |! is |! the |! most |! likely |! culprit |! of |! the |! child's |! birth |! defects? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Soriatane, |! a |! second-generation, |! retanoid |! perscrbed |! for |! psoriasis
if |! you |! took |! skin |! fibroblasts |! and |! increased |! expression |! of |! Oct4 |! (Pouf5t), |! Myc, |! Klf4, |! and |! Sox2, |! you |! would |! be |! able |! to |! convert |! them |! into |! cells |! with |! the |! differentiation |! potential |! most |! similar |! to |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔epiblast a |! mutation |! in |! which |! of |! the |! following |! genes |! would |! be |! most |! likely |! to |! disrupt |! formation |! of |! the |! synctiotrophoblast |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FGF Progeria |! has |! been |! found |! to |! result |! from |! nuclear |! instability |! due |! to |! mutation |! in |! the |! lamin |! A |! (LMNA) |! gene. |! This |! mutation |! results |! in |! which |! of |! the |! follwoing |!? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔activation |! of |! cryptic |! splice |! site The |! placental |! barrier |! is |! highly |! protective, |! but |! teratogens |! are |! often |! capable |! of |! crossing |! from |! the |! maternal |! to |! the |! fetal |! circulation. |! Of |! the |! following |! molecules, |! which |! is |! most |! likley |! to |! cross |! the |! placental |! barrier |! to |! the |! greatest |! degree? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔low |! molecular |! weight, |! lipid |! soluble |! molecule the |! path |! of |! migration |! of |! primordial |! germ |! cells |! is |! an |! example |! of |! _____. |! in |! zebrafish |! embryos, |! the |! PGCs |! follow |! the |! gradient |! of |! _______ |! by |! expressing |! the |! ________ |! receptor. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chemotaxis, |! SDF1, |! CXCR Newts |! can |! regrow |! an |! entire |! limb |! after |! amputation, |! primarily |! due |! to |! which |! of |! the |! following |! properties |! of |! epimorphic |! regeneration? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! of |! their |! differentiated |! cells |! to |! dedifferentiate |! and |! proliferate |! to |! form |! new |! cells
