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BIO |! 351 |! Final |! Exam |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
A |! promoter |! is |! required |! for |! the |! initiation |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! processes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription Why |! is |! the |! initially |! transcribed |! RNA |! precursor |! much |! larger |! than |! the |! mature |! mRNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! initial |! transcript |! contains |! introns, |! which |! are |! removed |! by |! spilcing Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! most |! accurate |! statement |! about |! enhancers? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription |! factors |! bind |! to |! enhancers Which |! of |! the |! following |! techniques |! would |! allow |! you |! to |! visualize |! gene |! expression |! in |! a |! living |! zebra |! fish |! embryo, |! thus |! permitting |! repeated |! observations |! over |! time? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fluorescent |! transgenic |! reporter A |! transgene |! was |! constructed |! that |! mutated |! the |! MEF-2 |! site, |! but |! not |! the |! E1 |! site. |! The |! mutant |! MEF-2 |! site |! transgene |! was |! expressed |! in |! all |! muscles |! except |! limbs. |! What |! would |! you |! conclude |! about |! the |! MEF-2 |! site? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! directs |! expression |! of |! the |! transgene |! in |! the |! limb |! muscle |! only If |! the |! MEF-2 |! site |! directs |! expression |! of |! the |! LacZ |! gene |! in |! certain |! skeletal |! muscles, |! what |! must |! it |! bind |! to? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription |! factors
A |! transgenic |! mouse |! is |! not |! a |! chimera, |! why? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Electroporation |! of |! vector |! DNA |! into |! ES |! cells |! results |! in |! an |! embryo |! in |! which |! all |! cells |! have |! the |! transgene What |! will |! be |! the |! result |! of |! thymidine |! kinase |! gene |! (TK) |! being |! incorporated |! into |! an |! ES |! cell's |! genome? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! will |! make |! cells |! sensitive |! to |! Glancyclovir You |! want |! to |! knockout |! the |! Zombie |! gene |! in |! the |! brain |! only. |! What |! will |! allow |! you |! to |! do |! this |! experiment? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! mouse |! with |! a |! Cre |! recombinase |! that |! is |! expressed |! in |! the |! brain |! and |! a |! mouse |! with |! a |! floxed |! Zombie |! allele You |! have |! ES |! cells |! that |! have |! passed |! through |! double |! selection |! for |! your |! knockout |! experiment. |! What |! is |! your |! next |! step? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Inject |! the |! ES |! cells |! into |! a |! blastocyst During |! the |! period |! of |! limb |! bud |! outgrowth, |! a |! developmental |! biologist |! has |! transplanted |! some |! mesenchyme |! from |! underneath |! the |! AER |! of |! a |! forelimb |! bud |! an |! moved |! it |! underneath |! the |! AER |! of |! the |! hindlimb |! bud. |! What |! would |! you |! expect |! from |! this |! surgically |! altered |! limb |! bud? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔An |! appendage |! that |! is |! proximal |! leg |! and |! distal |! wing The__ |! is |! the |! morphogen |! expressed |! in |! the |! __ |! that |! caudalizes |! the |! limb |! bud |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔SHH, |! zone |! of |! polarizing |! activity
In |! sea |! urchins, |! the |! acrosome |! reaction: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔releases |! enzymes |! necessary |! for |! penetrating |! egg |! jelly During |! cortical |! granule |! exocytosis, |! these |! granules |! release__ |! and |! this |! allows |! for |! the |! influx |! of |! __ |! and |! this |! causes |! the |! formation |! of |! the |! . |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Serine |! proteases, |! H2O, |! fertilization |! envelope You |! have |! made |! a |! mouse |! in |! which |! the |! Zp3 |! gene |! was |! knocked |! out. |! What |! is |! the |! likely |! phenotype? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! eggs |! cannot |! be |! fertilized |! because |! the |! sperm |! will |! not |! bind WHich |! of |! the |! following |! terms |! describes |! the |! process |! by |! which |! the |! chromosomes |! of |! the |! egg |! and |! those |! of |! the |! sperm |! combine |! just |! before |! the |! beginning |! of |! the |! first |! mitotic |! division? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Syngamy In |! humans, |! there |! is |! a |! genetic |! syndrome |! called |! situs |! inversus |! in |! which |! the |! internal |! organs |! are |! located |! on |! the |! opposite |! sides |! than |! normal |! individuals. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! structures |! is |! most |! likely |! affected |! in |! development |! to |! produce |! this |! phenotype? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Node During |! gastrulation, |! cells |! of |! the |! epiblast |! migrate |! through |! to |! form |! the |! mesoderm |! and |! endoderm |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Primitive |! streak Which |! of |! the |! following |! produces |! right-left |! symmetry |! in |! the |! mouse |! embryo? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Unidirectional |! flow |! in |! nodal |! cilia
Which |! of |! the |! following |! developmental |! steps |! leads |! to |! the |! production |! of |! the |! mesoderm |! and |! endoderm? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Gastrulation Reverse |! transcription |! polymerase |! chain |! reaction |! (RT-PCR) |! detects |! what |! type |! of |! molecule? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mRNA RNA |! is |! synthesized |! from |! genetic |! DNA |! during__ |! and |! protein |! is |! generated |! from |! mRNA |! during__. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription, |! translation You |! have |! made |! a |! transgene |! expressing |! the |! GFP |! reporter |! gene. |! Where |! will |! this |! transgene |! integrate |! into |! the |! genome? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! random |! chromosomal |! loaction What |! molecular |! genetic |! technique |! allowed |! developmental |! biologists |! to |! construct |! transgenes |! and |! knock |! out |! targeting |! vectors? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cloning Which |! of |! the |! following |! properties |! of |! ES |! cells |! make |! them |! useful |! for |! making |! knock |! out |! mutations? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔They |! are |! pluripotent |! and |! will |! integrate |! vector |! DNA |! by |! homologous |! recombination You |! grow |! mesenchymal |! cells |! in |! dish |! A |! and |! epidermal |! cells |! in |! dish |! B. |! If |! you |! take |! the |! liquid |! medium |! only |! (containing |! no |! cells) |! from |! dish |! A |! and |! place |! some |! of |! it |! into |! the |! liquid |! medium |! covering |! the |! epidermal |! cells |! in |! dish |! B, |! you |! notice |! that |! is |! causes |! the |! epidermal |! cells |! to |! round |! up |! and |! thicken. |! Why? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Induction |! of |! epithelial |! cells |! by |! paracrine |! signaling |! to |! the |! mesenchymal |! cells
excluded |! from |! the |! __ |! and |! disruptions |! of |! this |! pattern |! can |! lead |! to__. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔right |! ventricle, |! ventricular |! septal |! defects If |! a |! mouse |! embryo |! was |! exposed |! briefly |! to |! carbon |! monoxide |! during |! the |! final |! stages |! of |! somitogenesis, |! what |! would |! you |! expect |! to |! see |! in |! the |! vertebral |! column |! of |! the |! newborn |! mouse? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Defects |! localized |! to |! the |! tail |! vertebrae Disruptions |! of |! the |! formation |! of |! the |! primordial |! lung |! bud |! can |! lead |! to |! severe |! birth |! defects |! involving |! the__ |! and |! __. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Esophagus, |! trachea Cows |! that |! eat |! veratrum |! plants, |! which |! have |! high |! levels |! of |! the |! SHH |! inhibitor, |! cyclopamine, |! are |! likely |! to |! bear |! calves |! with |! which |! of |! the |! following |! disorders? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Holoprosencephaly The |! somites |! derve |! from |! whihc |! of |! these |! early |! embryonic |! tissues? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mesoderm fosamax |! s |! a |! commonly |! marketed |! drug |! that |! inhibits |! osteoclasts. |! Thus, |! you |! can |! conclude |! that |! this |! drug |! is |! marketed |! as |! a |! treatment |! for |! which |! of |! the |! following |! conditions? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Osteoprosis During |! neural |! development, |! the |! dietary |! vitamin |! __ |! is |! required |! for |! cells |! in |! the |! __ |! for |! neural |! tube |! closure. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Folate, |! dorsal |! neural |! tube
Blockage |! of |! the |! neuroventricular |! system, |! which |! forms |! in |! from |! the |! lumen |! of |! the |! developing |! neural |! tube, |! can |! lead |! to |! the |! following |! birth |! defect: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hydrocephalus During |! primary |! myogenesis, |! the |! early |! skeletal |! muscle |! derives |! from |! the |! __, |! but |! in |! adult |! skeletal |! muscle, |! __ |! are |! involved |! in |! repair |! of |! the |! muscle |! fibers. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Myotome, |! satellite |! cells Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! end |! result |! of |! spermatogenesis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Haploid |! round |! spermatid If |! vascular |! endothelial |! growth |! factor |! (VEGF) |! is |! knocked |! out |! in |! mouse |! embryos, |! which |! of |! the |! following |! will |! be |! the |! most |! likely |! phenotype? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hemangioblasts |! will |! not |! differentiate |! into |! anigoblasts Which |! of |! the |! following |! induces |! primordial |! germ |! cells |! to |! enter |! meiosis |! embryologically? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Retinoic |! acid A |! 25 |! year |! old |! male |! visits |! a |! urologist |! to |! investigate |! why |! he |! is |! unable |! to |! have |! children. |! Semen |! analysis |! revealed |! round |! nonmotile |! sperm |! with |! a |! DNA |! content |! at |! n. |! The |! patient's |! infertility |! is |! most |! likely |! due |! to: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Spermiogenesis Melanoblasts |! derive |! from |! neural |! crest |! that |! migrate |! from |! the |! __ |! and |! through |! the |! skin |! towards |! the |! __ |! ares |! of |! the |! embryo. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dorsal |! neural |! tube, |! ventral
A |! young |! man |! was |! given |! a |! chemotherapy |! drug |! that |! caused |! Sertoli |! cells |! to |! die. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! most |! likely |! to |! result? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Loss |! of |! all |! spermatogenic |! cells Atrial |! and |! ventricular |! septal |! defects |! arise |! in |! part |! due |! to |! defects |! in |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cardiac |! cushions Cardiac |! neural |! crest |! migrates |! into |! the |! truncus |! arteriosus |! to |! seperate |! the |! outflow |! tract |! into |! the |! __ |! and |! __. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Aorta, |! pulmonary |! artery Mutations |! in |! the |! human |! gene, |! Tbx5, |! lead |! to |! the |! disorder |! called |! Holt-Oram |! syndrome. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! defects |! would |! you |! expect |! to |! find |! in |! patients |! with |! this |! syndrome? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Arm |! defects |! and |! persistent |! truncus |! arteriosis Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! a |! true |! statement |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hemangioblasts |! arise |! in |! the |! splanchnic |! mesoderm In |! the |! early |! embryo |! what |! signals |! must |! occur |! together |! in |! the |! splanchnic |! mesoderm |! for |! cardiac |! mesoderm |! to |! be |! specified? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DKK, |! Crescent, |! Cerberus, |! FGF8, |! and |! BMP Vasculogenesis |! is |! a |! process |! that |! makes |! new |! blood |! vessels, |! and |! angiogenesis |! trims |! and |! remodels |! the |! vasculature |! (T |! or |! F)? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True
During |! vasculogenesis |! many |! blood |! vessels |! are |! made, |! which |! signals |! are |! necessary |! for |! venous |! and |! atrial |! vessels |! to |! connect |! properly? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔EphB4 |! and |! Ephrin |! B Which |! of |! the |! following |! accurately |! describes |! the |! product |! of |! meiosis |! in |! female |! mammals? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔One |! haplod |! oocyte |! and |! 2-3 |! polar |! bodies If |! you |! treat |! a |! developing |! embryo |! with |! a |! toxin |! that |! completely |! inhibits |! the |! formation |! of |! neuromuscular |! junctions, |! you |! would |! expect |! myogenesis |! to |! be |! blocked |! after |! which |! of |! the |! following |! stages? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fusion |! of |! myoblasts |! into |! prmary |! myotubes Formation |! of |! secondary |! myotubes What |! does |! the |! primary |! or |! first |! heart |! field |! contribute |! to |! the |! fully |! developed |! heart? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Only |! the |! left |! ventricle Embryonic |! expression |! of |! sex |! steroid |! hormones |! is |! necessary |! for |! normal |! external |! genetalia |! development. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! are |! the |! primary |! sources |! of |! these |! hormones |! during |! development? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sertoli, |! Leydig, |! theca |! and |! granulosa |! cells Which |! of |! the |! following |! distinguishes |! prophase |! I |! of |! meiosis |! from |! prophase |! of |! mitosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Synapse |! and |! crossing |! over |! occurs
In |! human |! infants |! with |! defects |! of |! the |! 21-hydroxylase |! enzyme |! the |! produce |! excess |! __ |! and |! this |! results |! in |! defects |! of |! the |! . |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔androgens, |! external |! genitalia A |! couple |! in |! their |! mid |! thirties |! are |! trying |! to |! figure |! out |! why |! they |! can't |! conceive |! for |! over |! 1.5 |! years. |! The |! male |! has |! normal |! sperm |! production, |! the |! female |! responded |! to |! ovarian |! hyperstimulation. |! What |! would |! be |! the |! most |! effective |! method |! to |! use? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Intracytoplasmic |! sperm |! injection You |! are |! seeing |! a |! 31 |! year |! old |! patient |! to |! diagnose |! her |! infertility. |! On |! ultrasound |! you |! can |! see |! evidence |! of |! any |! follicles |! in |! either |! of |! her |! ovaries. |! What |! would |! you |! diagnose? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Premature |! ovary |! failure In |! cases |! of |! hypogonadotrophic |! hypogonadism |! defects |! of |! the |! __ |! or |! __ |! leads |! to |! a |! lack |! of |! sex |! steroids |! produced |! in |! the |! gonads. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pituitary, |! hypothalamus A |! woman |! has |! been |! diagnosed |! with |! luteal |! phase |! defect. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! most |! accurately |! describes |! the |! reason |! for |! repeated |! miscarriages |! associated |! with |! the |! defect? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Low |! follicle |! stimulating |! hormone |! (FSH) |! levels |! result |! in |! poor |! follicle |! development |! an |! low |! progesterone |! levels |! in |! uterine |! lining The |! pancreas |! derives |! from |! the |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔endoderm
Jaundice |! is |! a |! result |! of |! blockage |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! gastrointestinal |! structures? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔biliary |! tract The |! gut |! tube |! is |! originally |! continuous |! with |! the |! ___ |! and |! becomes |! separated |! in |! humans |! by |! 4 |! weeks |! gestation. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔yolk |! sac Myelin |! is |! formed |! from |! ___ |! in |! the |! peripheral |! nervous |! system |! and |! ___ |! in |! the |! central |! nervous |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Schwann |! cells, |! oligodendrocytes A |! toxin |! selectively |! affects |! the |! function |! of |! astrocytes. |! What |! would |! be |! the |! effect |! of |! function |! in |! the |! nervous |! system? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Loss |! of |! the |! blood-brain |! barrier What |! cells |! in |! the |! central |! nervous |! system |! are |! star |! shaped, |! function |! to |! feed |! the |! neurons, |! and |! form |! a |! blood-brain |! barrier? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Astrocytes In |! you |! made |! a |! conditional |! mouse |! knockout |! to |! disrupt |! the |! Notch |! receptor |! in |! just |! the |! developing |! brain, |! which |! of |! the |! following |! would |! you |! expect |! to |! see |! in |! the |! mutant |! mouse? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Too |! many |! neurons |! and |! too |! few |! astrocytes/Schwann |! cells What |! stricture |! derives |! from |! otic |! placode? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cochlea |! and |! semicircular |! canals What |! structure |! derives |! from |! optic |! placode? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Lens
In |! the |! bone |! marrow |! stem |! cell |! niche,___ |! signaling |! regulates |! self-renewal |! and |! ____ |! regulates |! maintenance |! of |! stemness. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wnt, |! Angioprotein- The |! placental |! barrier |! is |! highly |! protective, |! but |! some |! compounds |! can |! cross |! from |! the |! maternal |! to |! fetal |! circulation. |! What |! is |! the |! most |! likely |! to |! cross |! the |! placenta? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Low |! molecular |! weight, |! lipid |! soluble |! chemical You |! have |! discovered |! that |! a |! pesticide |! binds |! to |! the |! androgen |! receptor |! and |! mimics |! the |! effects |! of |! testosterone. |! What |! is |! this |! an |! example |! of? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Endocrine |! receptor You |! have |! a |! patient |! with |! a |! T-shaped |! uterus, |! obstructed |! fallopian |! tubes, |! and |! clear |! cell |! adenocarcinoma |! of |! the |! cervix. |! You |! believes |! she |! was |! exposed |! to |! a |! teratogen |! in |! utero. |! What |! chemical |! was |! most |! likely |! the |! compound? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DES Heterotropic |! changes |! in |! the |! Prrx1 |! genes |! are |! observed |! in |! comparisons |! of |! the |! mouse |! vs |! bat |! forelimbs. |! The |! growth |! of |! the |! limb |! bud |! is |! regulated |! by |! the |! Prrx1 |! gene. |! Which |! part |! of |! the |! Prrx1 |! gene |! would |! you |! expect |! if |! heterotropic |! changes |! in |! sequence |! accounted |! for |! the |! morphological |! changes |! between |! the |! mouse |! and |! the |! bat? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Enhancer Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! an |! example |! of |! convergent |! evolution |! of |! analogous |! structures? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bat |! wing; |! dragonfly |! wing
While |! most |! salamanders |! go |! through |! an |! aquatic |! larval |! stage |! that |! uses |! gills |! and |! then |! undergoes |! metamorphosis |! to |! develop |! lungs |! and |! live |! on |! land, |! the |! Axolotl |! salamander |! spends |! its |! whole |! life |! as |! an |! aquatic |! form. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! best |! describes |! the |! evolutionary |! changes |! in |! development |! to |! the |! Axolotl? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Heterochronic |! (change |! in |! gene |! expression |! timing) The |! Sox9 |! gene |! was |! conditionally |! knocked |! out |! only |! in |! the |! developing |! gonads. |! What |! genotype |! and |! phenotype |! would |! be |! expressed |! in |! the |! mouse? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔XY |! and |! XX |! mice |! were |! phenotypically |! male Your |! patient |! is |! a |! 17 |! year |! old |! male |! with |! delayed |! puberty, |! anosmia, |! repaired |! cleft |! palate, |! and |! hearing |! loss. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! most |! likely |! reason |! for |! his |! hypogonadotropic |! hypogonadism? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Kallmann |! syndrome A |! woman |! lost |! both |! fallopian |! tubes |! due |! to |! previous |! ectopic |! pregnancies. |! What |! is |! the |! most |! likely |! method |! of |! IVF |! to |! use? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔In |! vitro |! fertilization |! and |! implantation |! of |! blastocysts In |! congenital |! omphalocele, |! a |! portion |! of |! the |! gut |! tube |! remains |! stuck |! outside |! the |! abdominal |! cavity |! and |! within |! the |! umbilical |! chord |! at |! birth. |! Which |! section |! of |! the |! gut |! tube |! is |! involved? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔intestines If |! a |! patient |! takes |! a |! drug |! that |! blocks |! proliferation |! of |! stem |! cells |! of |! the |! intestinal |! crypts, |! what |! would |! you |! expect |! to |! see |! in |! the |! patient |! after |! a |! couple |! of |! weeks? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔absence |! of |! villi
Comparison |! of |! Darwin's |! finches, |! there |! are |! several |! species |! in |! the |! Galapagos |! islands |! that |! arose |! from |! a |! common |! ancestor, |! has |! identified |! that |! the |! shape |! of |! the |! beak |! corresponds |! to |! the |! amount |! of |! BMP4 |! and |! calmodulin |! expression. |! This |! is |! an |! example |! of |! what |! type |! of |! evolution? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Heterometric |! (change |! in |! gene |! expression |! level) Which |! of |! the |! following |! binds |! to |! enhancer |! sites? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription |! factors Which |! of |! the |! following |! lists |! the |! correct |! 5' |! to |! 3' |! order |! of |! genomic |! elements |! of |! a |! typical |! protein |! coding |! gene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔promoter, |! UTR, |! start |! codon, |! polyA |! signal |! sequence Which |! of |! the |! following |! describes |! the |! minimally |! functional |! transgene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! has |! a |! promoter, |! an |! intron, |! a |! protein |! coding |! sequence |! (reporter |! gene) |! and |! transcriptional |! STOP Transcription |! occurs |! in |! the |! _________ |! and |! translation |! occurs |! in |! the |! _________ |!. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleus; |! cytoplasm You |! are |! studying |! the |! gene |! Herculin |! and |! want |! to |! know |! if |! a |! specific |! enhancer |! regulates |! skeletal |! muscle |! specific |! expression |! of |! this |! gene. |! How |! would |! you |! do |! this? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔make |! a |! transgenic |! mouse |! that |! expresses |! Green |! Fluorescent |! Protein |! (GFP) |! under |! the |! control |! of |! the |! Herculin |! enhancer
If |! an |! embryo |! is |! a |! transgenic |! for |! the |! SM22 |! gene |! where |! will |! it |! express |! LacZ? |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Only |! in |! cells |! that |! the |! promoter/enhancer |! are |! active Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! necessary |! to |! create |! a |! transgenic |! mouse? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fertilized |! oocytes In |! the |! Caenorhabitis |! elegans |! 4-cell |! embryo, |! the |! ventral |! fate |! of |! the |! EMS |! cell |! is |! induced |! by |! paracrine |! signaling |! from |! the |! adjacent |! P2 |! cell. |! If |! the |! P2 |! cell |! is |! destroyed |! by |! laser |! light, |! ventral |! fate |! cells |! do |! not |! form. |! This |! best |! exemplifies |! what |! type |! of |! developmental |! process? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔conditional |! specification Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! a |! crucial |! difference |! between |! transgenic |! mice |! and |! knockout |! mice? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transgenes |! are |! injected |! into |! the |! pronucleus |! of |! a |! fertilized |! egg, |! while |! knockout |! targeting |! vectors |! are |! electroporated |! into |! embryonic |! stem |! cells. You |! are |! making |! a |! knockout |! mouse, |! after |! neomycin |! (positive) |! selection |! you |! treat |! the |! surviving |! cells |! with |! gancyclovir |! (negative |! selection) |! and |! more |! cells |! die. |! What |! does |! cell |! death |! after |! gancyclovir |! treatment |! indicate? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! targeting |! vector |! randomly |! inserted |! into |! the |! genome You |! have |! removed |! the |! zone |! of |! polarizing |! activity |! (ZPA) |! from |! a |! limb |! bud. |! The |! addition |! of |! SHH |! soaked |! beads |! into |! the |! area |! where |! you |! removed |! the |! ZPA |! is |! sufficient |! to |! _________ |! the |! limb |! bud. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔caudalize
