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Bio |! 351 |! Exam |! 2 |! ASU |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
What |! is |! cleavage? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔This |! follows |! fertilization |! and |! is |! when |! the |! zygotes |! splits |! into |! 16-32 |! cells |! known |! as |! blastomeres. Who |! undergoes |! Meroblastic |! cleavage |! and |! who |! undergoes |! Holoblastic |! cleavage? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Meroblastic |! - |! birds |! and |! fish |! (the |! egg |! is |! not |! completely |! divided) Holoblastic |! - |! mammals |! (the |! egg |! is |! completely |! divided) Where |! is |! the |! site |! where |! cleavage |! first |! occurs |! in |! a |! chick |! egg? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Blastodisc What |! is |! gastrulation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔This |! is |! the |! process |! of |! going |! from |! 2 |! layers |! (epiblast |! and |! hypoblast) |! to |! 3 |! layers |! (ectoderm, |! mesoderm, |! and |! endoderm). What |! specifies |! anterior |! - |! posterior |! axis |! in |! an |! egg? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! egg |! rotation |! in |! utero |! creates |! mechanical |! forces |! that |! specify |! A-P |! axis. What |! ligand |! is |! triggered |! by |! the |! mechanical |! forces |! in |! utero |! (in |! an |! egg)? |! and |! what |! does |! this |! ligand |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! the |! mechanical |! forces |! happen, |! they |! trigger |! the |! posterior |! side |! of |! the |! blastodisc |! to |! secrete |! TGFbeta
|! family |! member |! nodal. |! Nodal |! is |! important |! for |! directing |! formation |! of |! the |! primitive |! streak |! on |! the |! posterior |! side |! of |! the |! embryo. REVIEW: In |! the |! signaling |! pathway |! of |! TGF-beta |! / |! BMP |! , |! what |! are... Ligand: Receptor: |! Important |! intracellular |! actor: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ligand: |! TGF-beta |! like |! ligands |! (TGF-beta, |! BMP's, |! Nodal |! and |! Activin) Receptor: |! TGF- |! beta |! receptors |! Important |! intracellular |! actors: |! SMAD |! activation |! and |! SMAD |! mediated |! transcription. Where |! does |! gastrulation |! begin |! in |! a |! mammal? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔At |! the |! primitive |! streak. What |! is |! EMT? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔epithelial-mesenchymal |! transition |! (EMT) |! - |! when |! epithelial |! cells |! lose |! their |! adhesion |! and |! begin |! to |! move Implantation |! of |! the |! blastocyst |! specifies |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Implantation |! specifies |! the |! inner |! cell |! mass |! orientation |! and |! the |! dorso- ventral |! axis. What |! part |! of |! the |! inner |! cell |! mass |! will |! be |! closest |! to |! the |! uterine |! wall? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! future |! back |! which |! means |! the |! amniotic |! cavity |! will |! be |! closest |! to |! uterine |! wall.
what |! does |! PITX2 |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tells |! left |! side |! of |! body |! where |! to |! put |! things, |! is |! responsible |! for |! establishing |! left-sidedness What |! is |! sinus |! inversus |! condition |! and |! what |! gene |! is |! mutated |! to |! cause |! it? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sinus |! inversus |! - |! all |! the |! organs |! are |! inverted |! in |! their |! localization |! in |! left-right |! side. |! The |! mutations |! in |! the |! Pitx2 |! gene |! or |! molecular |! regulators |! of |! motile |! cilia |! cause |! this. AVE |! directs |! which |! end |! (posterior |! or |! anterior)? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! anterior |! end |! which |! is |! the |! area |! that |! will |! form |! to |! be |! the |! head. What |! is |! neurulation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! process |! by |! which |! the |! neural |! plate |! is |! formed |! and |! becomes |! the |! neural |! tube The |! nervous |! system |! starts |! out |! as |! what |! in |! the |! very |! first |! step |! of |! formation? |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! neural |! plate What |! cells |! anchor |! to |! the |! notochord |! to |! initiate |! neural |! plate |! folding? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔MHP |! cells |! (medial |! hinge |! point |! cells) Describe |! how |! the |! neural |! tube |! is |! formed |! from |! the |! neural |! plate. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! neural |! plate |! starts |! folding |! when |! the |! MHP |! cells |! anchor |! to |! the |! notochord |! and |! the |! sides |! start |! to |! come |! in |! together |! and |! converge |! to |! form |! the |! neural |! tube |! and |! also |! creating |! crest |! cells.
What |! part |! of |! the |! neural |! tube |! closes |! first? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! middle |! of |! the |! neural |! tube |! closes |! first |! leaving |! the |! anterior |! and |! posterior |! neuropore |! open What |! is |! derived |! from |! the |! ectoderm |! germ |! layer |! during |! neurolation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! peripheral |! and |! central |! nervous |! system What |! are |! neural |! tube |! defects? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔This |! is |! caused |! by |! disruptions |! of |! the |! neural |! tube |! closure |! and |! can |! cause |! various |! disorders. What |! is |! anencephaly |! and |! what |! causes |! it? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔anencephaly |! is |! the |! result |! of |! the |! failure |! of |! the |! anterior |! neural |! tube |! closure. |! It |! leaves |! the |! head |! very |! undeveloped. What |! promotes |! neural |! tube |! closure? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Folate. |! It |! is |! given |! to |! pregnant |! females |! and |! prevents |! Neural |! tube |! defects. The |! AVE |! establishes |! what |! axis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! anterior |! - |! posterior |! axis. What |! does |! retinoic |! acid |! do |! in |! the |! neural |! tube? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RA |! directs |! spinal |! chord |! fates |! in |! the |! neural |! tube |! and |! is |! high |! near |! the |! first |! site |! of |! neural |! tube |! closure.
The |! ______ |! is |! important |! for |! the |! specification |! of |! lower |! motor |! neurons |! (the |! neuronal |! subtype |! present |! in |! the |! spinal |! chord |! that |! controls |! muscle |! contraction) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔SHH What |! are |! neuromesodermal |! progenitors? |! What |! are |! the |! 2 |! paths |! they |! can |! go |! during |! gastrulation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔These |! are |! cells |! that |! reside |! in |! the |! posterior |! regions |! of |! the |! epiblast. |!
- |! They |! can |! undergo |! EMT |! and |! form |! paraxial |! mesoderm |! (red) |!
- |! They |! can |! stay |! in |! Ectoderm |! and |! form |! neuro-epithelial |! progenitors |! that |! migrate |! to |! the |! posterior |! neural |! tube |! (green) The |! paraxial |! mesoderm |! differentiates |! into |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Somites What |! do |! somites |! build |! and |! differentiate |! into? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! entire |! muskuloskeletal |! system: |! cartilage, |! tendons, |! skeletal |! muscle, |! endothelial |! cells |! and |! dermis. What |! is |! somitogenesis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔This |! is |! the |! formation |! of |! somites |! from |! the |! segmentation |! of |! the |! paraxial |! mesoderm. What |! order |! are |! somites |! formed |! in? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Rostral |! to |! caudal |! order. What |! do |! somites |! segment |! from? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! presomitic |! mesoderm
Segmentation |! of |! somites |! occur |! via |! ____ |! also |! known |! as |! epithelialization. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔MET |! - |! mesenchymal |! to |! epithelial |! transition The |! presomitic |! mesoderm |! promotes |! _____ |! extension |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Axis In |! order |! to |! continue |! posterior |! extension |! and |! somite |! formation, |! the |! production |! of |! _______________ |! must |! be |! maintained. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔new |! presomitic |! mesoderm What |! is |! caudal |! agenesis |! and |! what |! causes |! it? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! is |! when |! the |! baby |! fails |! to |! form |! limbs, |! and |! happens |! because |! not |! enough |! presomitic |! mesoderm |! is |! formed. The |! somites, |! after |! segmentation |! form |! into |! what |! 3 |! parts? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! sclerotome, |! demamyotome |! and |! the |! syndetome. What |! will |! the |! sclerotome |! turn |! into? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! cartilage/bone What |! will |! the |! syndetome |! turn |! into? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! tendon What |! will |! the |! dermamyotome |! turn |! into? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dermis |! and |! muscle
What |! negatively |! regulates |! Notch |! signaling? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hairy1 |! and |! lunatic |! fringe All |! of |! the |! cells |! in |! the |! embryo |! derive |! from |! which |! of |! the |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Epiblast Key |! components |! of |! the |! human |! segmentation |! clock |! are |! gradients |! and |! cycling |! gene |! expression |! within |! the |! presomitic |! mesoderm. |! Gradients |! of |! _______ |! from |! the |! caudal |! presomitic |! mesoderm |! interact |! with |! cyclically |! expressed |! genes |! such |! as |! ______ |! to |! regulate |! somitogenesis. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FGF8 |! and |! Lunatic |! - |! fringe What |! are |! the |! 4 |! layers |! of |! the |! somite |! from |! "top" |! to |! "bottom"? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dermatome Myotome Syndetome Sclerotome Cells |! of |! the |! ventral-medial |! region |! of |! the |! somite |! undergo |! EMT |! to |! form |! which |! somite |! layer |! first? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sclerotome After |! sclerotome |! is |! determined, |! the |! somite |! starts |! to |! extend |! and |! form |! two |! lips |! from |! what |! layer |! of |! the |! somite? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dermamyotome The |! expansion |! of |! the |! dermamyotome |! then |! creates |! what |! layer |! of |! the |! somite? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! myotome
The |! dermamyotome |! transitions |! into |! 2 |! lips: |! the |! dorsomedial |! lip |! and |! the |! ventrolateral |! lip. |! Which |! lip |! is |! closest |! to |! the |! neural |! tube? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dorsomedial |! lip |! is |! closest |! to |! neural |! tube. ____ |! migrate |! in |! from |! the |! dorsal |! edge |! of |! the |! somite. |! They |! elongate |! the |! width |! of |! the |! somite |! without |! fusion. |! These |! are |! referred |! to |! as |! _______. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Myoblasts |! ; |! myocytes Remember |! how |! we |! said |! that |! the |! notochord |! has |! high |! concentrations |! of |! SHH. |! These |! high |! concentrations |! of |! SHH |! from |! the |! notochord |! induce |! what |! transcription |! factor |! to |! affect |! the |! somite? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔PAX What |! will |! the |! ventral |! portion |! of |! the |! somite |! become |! (remember |! this |! is |! decided |! by |! SHH)? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! will |! become |! the |! sclerotome On |! the |! dorsal |! side |! of |! the |! somite, |! there |! is |! a |! low |! level |! of |! SHH |! but |! high |! levels |! of |! ____. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wnts High |! levels |! of |! Wnts |! induce |! the |! dorsal |! ______ |! ___________ |! and |! _________ |! expression. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔medial |! myotome; |! MYF What |! induces |! the |! expression |! of |! MyoD |! and |! PAX3 |! and |! ventrolateral |! myotome? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wnt |! and |! BMP |! from |! floor |! plate |! and |! BMP4 |! and |! FGF5 |! from |! the |! lateral |! plate |! mesoderm
Does |! FGF8 |! induce |! or |! inhibit |! scleraxis |! (Scx) |! expression? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Induces. From |! smallest |! structure |! to |! largest |! name |! what |! makes |! up |! the |! muscle. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sarcomeres |! -> |! myofibrils |! -> |! bundle |! of |! muscle |! fibers |! -> |! muscle What |! is |! myogenesis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! is |! the |! development |! of |! the |! skeletal |! muscle Cellular |! differentiation |! is |! comprised |! of |! 3 |! steps: |! Specification, |! Determination, |! and |! differentiation. |! In |! the |! formation |! of |! muscle, |! what |! cells |! and |! structures |! are |! associated |! with |! each |! stage |! as |! we |! go |! from |! somite |! to |! muscle? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Specification |! - |! myogenic |! progenitors |! (found |! in |! dermamyotome) Determination |! - |! Myoblasts |! (expresses |! skeletal |! muscle |! specific |! genes) Differentiation |! - |! Myotubes |! (cells |! fuse |! to |! form |! myotubes) What |! are |! the |! early |! myogenic |! factors? |! (determination |! stage) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pax3/Pax7 |! and |! Myf What |! are |! the |! next |! myogenic |! factors? |! (differentiation |! stage) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Myod1 |! (MyoD) |! and |! Myog |! (myogenin) What |! will |! cartilage |! turn |! into? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Bone
What |! is |! Sox9 |! known |! for |! in |! bone |! development? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sox9 |! is |! the |! cartilage |! promoting |! factor What |! is |! endochondral |! ossification? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔replacement |! of |! cartilage |! by |! bone. ________ |! ___________ |! contributes |! to |! most |! of |! the |! growth |! in |! bone |! length. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔hypertrophic |! chondrocytes What |! do |! osteoclasts |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔break |! down |! bone What |! do |! osteoblasts |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔deposit |! bone What |! do |! collagen |! fibers |! provide? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tensile |! strength Bone |! is |! mostly |! what |! type |! of |! collagen? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Collagen |! I What |! is |! osteogenesis |! imperfecta? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔congenital |! defect |! of |! bone |! formation |! resulting |! in |! weak |! bone |! - |! Most |! commonly |! due |! to |! a |! defect |! in |! collagen |! type |! 1 |! synthesis What |! is |! osteoporosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! medical |! condition |! in |! which |! the |! bones |! become |! brittle |! and |! fragile |! - |! it |! increases |! in |! skeletal |! mass |! but |! there |! is |! a |! decrease |! in |! osteoclast |! activity.
The |! hindlimb |! expresses |! what |! gene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tbx REVIEW: SHH |! signaling |! pathway. |! What |! is... Ligand |! : Receptor: Major |! intracellular |! actors: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ligand: |! Hedgehog Receptor: |! patched Major |! intracellular |! actors: |! Once |! SHH |! binds |! to |! patched, |! it |! inhibits |! smoothened |! and |! activates |! Gli. |! This |! begins |! Gli-activated |! transcription. What |! is |! the |! zone |! of |! polarizing |! activity |! (ZPA)? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔small |! mesenchyme |! region |! in |! the |! posterior/caudal |! part |! of |! the |! limb |! bud |! mediates |! anterior-posterior |! axis |! and |! expresses |! SHH |! in |! the |! limb |! bud. SHH |! is |! required |! for |! the |! formation |! of |! what |! 2 |! digits? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔digits |! 4 |! and |! 5 SHH |! impacts |! specification |! of |! what |! two |! digits? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔digits |! 2 |! and |! 3 What |! is |! the |! Apical |! ectodermal |! ridge |! (AER)? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! limb- bud |! organizing |! region |! consisting |! of |! a |! thickened |! area |! of |! ectoderm |! at |! the |! tip |! of |! a |! limb |! bud.
What |! would |! happen |! if |! you |! remove |! the |! AER? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! would |! halt |! the |! distal |! outgrowth |! of |! the |! limb. What |! gene |! is |! expressed |! in |! the |! AER? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FGF What |! is |! mesenchyme? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Undifferentiated |! connective |! tissue |! that |! will |! give |! rise |! to |! all |! other |! connective |! tissue. Which |! tissue |! decides |! the |! type |! of |! limb |! formed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! mesenchyme |! directs |! the |! identity |! of |! the |! outgrowing |! limb. There |! are |! opposing |! gradients |! of |! RA |! and |! FGF's/Wnts |! is |! a |! growing |! limb |! bud. |! Which |! direction |! (proximal |! or |! distal) |! are |! there |! highest |! amounts |! of |! RA |! and |! which |! direction |! (proximal |! or |! distal) |! are |! there |! highest |! amounts |! of |! FGF's/Wnts? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RA |! - |! highest |! in |! the |! proximal |! end FGF/Wnt |! - |! highest |! in |! the |! distal |! end The |! AER |! induces |! the |! _____ |! - |! _______ |! outgrowth |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Proximal |! - |! distal What |! patterns |! the |! limb? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! mesenchyme The |! identity |! of |! the |! dorsal |! side |! of |! the |! limb |! is |! determined |! by |! ____ |! expressed |! in |! the |! ectoderm |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wnt7a
The |! secondary |! heart |! field |! becomes |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! rest |! of |! the |! heart |! structures. In |! the |! formation |! of |! the |! heart, |! BMP |! signaling |! to |! SMADs |! trigger |! the |! expression |! of |! which |! 3 |! master |! transcription |! factors? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nkx2.5 |! , |! GATA4, |! Tbx What |! is |! embryonic |! folding? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Folding |! of |! the |! germ |! cell |! layers |! to |! form |! a |! tubular |! structure |! Yolk |! sac |! buds |! off |! in |! the |! process Heart |! formation |! occurs |! during |! which |! process? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Embryonic |! folding During |! embryonic |! folding, |! the |! endoderm |! transforms |! from |! a |! sheet |! into |! what |! tube? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Gut |! tube During |! embryonic |! folding, |! the |! lateral |! plate |! mesoderm |! surrounds |! the |! gut |! tube |! and |! becomes |! the |! ______ |! mesoderm. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Splanchnic. Cardiac |! looping |! converts |! the |! rostro-caudal |! polarity |! to |! ____ |! -______ |! polarity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Left-right The |! direction |! of |! the |! cardiac |! looping |! is |! dependent |! on |! left-sided |! expression |! of |! what |! gene? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pitx
What |! is |! dextrocardia? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔heart |! situated |! on |! the |! right |! side |! - |! is |! a |! defect |! of |! heart |! looping. What |! is |! septation |! of |! the |! heart? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔This |! is |! the |! formation |! of |! 4 |! distinct |! heart |! chambers What |! forms |! on |! the |! walls |! of |! the |! AV |! canal |! and |! separates |! the |! AV |! canal |! into |! the |! right |! and |! left |! channels? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Endocardial |! cushions The |! interventricular |! septum |! separates.... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔left |! and |! right |! ventricles The |! interatrial |! septum |! separates.... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔right |! and |! left |! atrium What |! is |! an |! atrial |! septal |! defect? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! disruption |! in |! septation |! between |! the |! atria What |! is |! an |! ventricular |! septal |! defect? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! disruption |! in |! septation |! between |! the |! ventricles. What |! is |! Holt-Oram |! syndrome |! and |! what |! is |! it |! caused |! by? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔broad |! spectrum |! of |! upper |! limb |! abnormalities |! and |! heart |! defects, |! caused |! by |! genetic |! mutations |! in |! Tbx
