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Bio |! 351 |! Exam |! 1 |! with |! precise |! detailed |!
solutions
Development |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Progressive |! and |! continuous |! change |! that |! generates |! a |! complex |! multicellular |! organism |! from |! a |! single |! cell |! Ex: |! 24 |! hour |! embryo |! dev. |! of |! zebra |! fish Transcription |! factors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Proteins |! that |! help |! turn |! specific |! genes |! "on" |! or |! "off" |! by |! binding |! to |! nearby |! DNA -Activators/Repressors Enhancer/Silencer |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Groups |! of |! transcription |! factor |! binding |! sites -can |! turn |! a |! gene |! on/off |! in |! specific |! parts |! of |! the |! body Promoter |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! polymerase/transcription |! factors |! attaches |! to |! this |! spot |! on |! the |! DNA |! -In |! euk, |! needs |! basal |! (general) |! transcription |! factors |! (TATA |! box |! +mRNA) TATA |! box |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Crucial |! promoter |! DNA |! sequence |! that |! transcription |! factors |! recognize
polyA |! signal |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Signal |! to |! end |! transcription |! and |! add |! a |! polyA |! sequence |! at |! the |! end |! of |! the |! transcript Splice |! acceptor |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Signal |! at |! the |! 3- |! end |! of |! the |! intron AUG |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔starts |! translation Enhancers- |! specific |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Activates |! transcription-GATA -still |! affects |! gene |! even |! if |! far |! away, -has |! flexibility |! in |! orientation |! and |! location -responds |! to |! surrounding |! transcriptional |! factors |! -can |! work |! upstream |! or |! downstream |! (5-3,3-5) -Tissue |! specific, |! modular |! (can |! bind |! to |! many |! different |! transcription |! factors |! (coding |! for |! different |! gene |! expression) |! but |! not |! at |! the |! same |! time) Intron |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! noncoding, |! intervening |! sequence |! within |! a |! eukaryotic |! gene -gets |! spliced |! out |! of |! the |! pre-mRNA |! -removed |! through |! formation |! of |! a |! spliceosome |! loop |! structure, |! then |! exons |! are |! joined |! together Differential |! RNA |! processing |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! splicing |! of |! mRNA |! precursors |! into |! messages |! that |! specify |! different |! proteins |! by |! using |! different |! combinations |! of |! potential |! exons
Specification |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔After |! a |! given |! set |! of |! signals, |! cells |! differentiate |! in |! a |! neutral |! environment |!
- |! Autonomous |! specification- |! cell |! tells |! fate |! from |! parental |! cells |! without |! interacting |! with |! other |! cells |! (invertebrates) |!
- |! Conditional |! specification- |! achieve |! their |! fate |! through |! cell |! to |! cell |! communication |! (juxtacrine, |! paracrine, |! or |! physical |! properties |! (mechanical |! stress)) |! (vertebrates) Determination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cells |! differentiate |! into |! fate |! when |! placed |! in |! a |! environment |! actively |! supporting |! a |! different |! fate |! -Irreversible Stem |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1)Undifferentiated |! or |! unspecialized |! cells |! that |! give |! rise |! to |! one |! or |! more |! specialized |! cells |! (Potency/Potential) |!
- |! Capable |! of |! self-renewal |! over |! long |! periods |! of |! time |! through |! asymmetric |! division, |! progeny |! can |! differentiate |! into |! a |! more |! differentiated |! cell |! type Symmetric |! vs. |! Asymmetric |! Differentiation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Symmetric- |! stem |! cells |! Asymmetric- |! stem |! cells |! + |! progeny As |! stem |! cells |! become |! more |! specialized |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔differentiation |! potency/potential |! decreases Toti-->Pluri-->Multi
Potency |! levels |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Totipotent: |! capable |! of |! producing |! all |! cell |! types Pluripotent: |! capable |! of |! producing |! all |! cells |! of |! the |! embryo |! (inner |! cell |! mass- blastocysts) |! Multipotent: |! generate |! cell |! types |! with |! restricted |! specificity |! for |! the |! tissue |! where |! they |! reside |! Zygote |! --> |! Blastocyst |! --> |! Embryo Embryonic |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ES: |! derived |! from |! inner |! cell |! mass |! of |! blastocyst -pluripotent |! -Expressing |! Oct4, |! Nanog, |! Sox2 |! necessary |! for |! pluripotency Adult/Somatic |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Undifferentiated |! cells |! found |! among |! differentiated |! cells |! in |! a |! tissue/organ |! that |! can |! self |! renew |! -Multipotent |! because |! of |! regeneration |! for |! surrounding |! cells Induced |! pluripotent |! stem |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! pluripotent |! stem |! cell |! that |! was |! generated |! by |! manipulation |! of |! a |! differentiated |! somatic |! cell |! to |! be |! in |! an |! ES |! like |! state Asymmetric |! division |! leading |! to |! ICM |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cdx2 |! induces |! trophectoderm |! fate |! to |! asymmetric |! (perpendicular |! to |! apicobasal |! axis) |! or |! symmetric |! division |! (parallel |! to |! apicobasal |! axis) |! -If |! asymmetric |! --> |! ICM |! cell |! created |!
Perivascular |! niche |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-active |! HSC -sympathetic |! neurons |! release |! noradrenaline |! regulate |! circadian |! release |! of |! HSC |! -CXCL |! 12 |! secreted |! by |! endothelial |! cells |! and |! MSC's |! -Noradrenaline |! down |! regulates |! CXCL |! 12, |! releases |! HCS |! from |! other |! cells Endosteal |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔queiscent |! HSC
- |! Osteoblasts |! express |! Jagged1 |! activating |! Notch |! signaling |! in |! HSC- |! proliferation |! response 2)osteoblasts |! secrete |! angiopoietin-1 |! activates |! Tie2 |! on |! HSC- |! quiescence |! and |! potency |!
- |! osteoblasts |! secrete |! WNT, |! which |! binds |! to |! frizzled |! to |! its |! receptor |! B |! catenin |! is |! translated |! to |! nucleus |! of |! HSC- |! self-renewal Gene |! expression |! is |! regulated |! in |! both |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔spatially |! and |! temporally |! during |! development |! -is |! a |! gene |! expressed |! during |! development? |! or |! does |! the |! level |! of |! specific |! gene |! change |! following |! determination? How |! is |! gene |! expression |! controlled? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription |! mRNA |! processing- |! creates |! mRNA |! without |! introns Translation Gene |! Expression |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-in |! situ |! hybridization
-qRT-PCR -transcriptomics Protein |! Expression |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Western |! blot Immunohistochemistry How |! does |! ISH |! provide |! spatiotemporal |! information |! about |! mRNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pou5tg |! (Oct4) |! mRNA |! is |! detected |! in |! the |! blastocyst |! (ICM) |! by |! an |! antisense |! RNA |! probe |! (riboprobe) -MyoD |! is |! detected |! by |! riboprobe |! -demonstrate |! spatial |! expression |! over |! time -qualitative |! assay Reverse |! transcription |! polymerase |! chain |! reaction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RT- PCR- |! looking |! at |! the |! genes |! expressed |! -have |! to |! destroy |! cells |! to |! extract |! RNA -Quantitative- |! provides |! measure |! of |! expression |! for |! one |! gene |! per |! assay -multiple |! assays |! run |! at |! a |! time |! Process: |! 1-collect |! mRNA |! from |! a |! tissue, |! 2-convert |! mRNA |! to |! double- stranded |! cDNA |! 3- |! add |! primers |! you |! design |! that |! target |! gene |! of |! interest |! 4- |! run |! PCR |! often |! on |! device |! in |! the |! core Transcriptomics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Use |! high-throughput |! sequencing |! approaches |! for |! studying |! genome-wide |! gene |! expression |! -Need |! extraction |! of |! RNA |! from |! a |! tissue |! /single |! cells
Generating |! a |! transgene |! (expression |! vector) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Use |! plasmid |! (shorter |! genome) Dna |! fragments |! inserted |! into |! plasmid |! for |! recombinant |! DNA What |! does |! the |! construction |! of |! transgene |! contain |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! Promoter/Enhancer |! + |! Transcriptional |! Start |! Site |! (where, |! when, |! and |! how |! much) |!
- |! Protein |! Coding |! Sequence |! (start, |! stop) |!
- |! Polyadenylation |! Signal |! (mRNA |! stability) Nonhomologous |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔more |! favorable endocrine |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! type |! of |! long-distance |! signaling |! in |! animals |! that |! utilizes |! hormones. Autocrine |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔secreted |! molecules |! diffuse |! locally |! and |! trigger |! a |! response |! in |! the |! cells |! that |! secrete |! them -target |! sites |! on |! the |! same |! cell -intracellular |! signaling paracrine |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Signal |! released |! from |! a |! cell |! has |! an |! effect |! on |! neighboring |! cells. -intercellular |! signaling
Juxtacrine |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chemical |! messenger |! passed |! between |! two |! connected |! cells -intercellular |! signaling Morphogens |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Diffusable, |! secreted |! molecules |! that |! are |! recognized |! by |! cells |! that |! exert |! control |! over |! morphogenesis, |! especially |! by |! forming |! a |! gradient |! in |! concentration -inducers Induction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔process |! by |! which |! one |! group |! of |! cells |! changes |! the |! development |! of |! other |! cells |! through: -shape/morphology -cell |! division/proliferation -cell |! fate/differentiation direct |! induction |! in |! competent |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔two |! types |! of |! cells: -inducer -responder Inducer |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-cell/tissue |! produces |! a |! signal -same |! tissue |! can |! induce |! different |! structures/fates |! dependent |! on |! the |! responding |! tissue Responder |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-tissue |! that |! responds |! to |! inducing |! signal -not |! all |! tissues |! are |! able |! to |! respond
SHH |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ligand: |! SHH |! Receptor: |! Patched |! (PTC)
- |! SHH |! bound |! PTC |! stops |! inhibiting |! Smoothened |! (SMO)
- |! SMO |! is |! activated |! by |! phosphorylation
- |! Phosphorylated |! SMO |! triggers |! biochemical |! cascade |! that |! activates |! Gli |! mediated |! transcription FGF |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Receptor: |! Receptor |! Tyrosine Kinases: |! RTKs
- |! RTKs |! activated |! the |! small |! G-protein, |! Ras.
- |! Ras |! activates |! Raf/MEK/ERK |! cascade.
- |! ERK |! phosphorylates |! transcription |! factors |! (AP-1, |! Ets, |! CREB) Ligand->RTK->RAS->Raf/MEK/ERK->Transcription |! factor-> |! Transcription JAK-STAT |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! Ligand |! binds |! RTK |! has |! a |! JAK |! (Janus |! Kinase |! associated.
- |! JAK's |! autophosphorylate |! and |! phosphorylates |! STAT |! proteins.
- |! STAT |! proteins |! form |! dimers |! and |! translocate |! to |! nucleus-act |! as |! transcription |! factors.
- |! FGFs |! can |! activate |! this |! pathway |! as |! well
Ligand-> |! Receptor-> |! JAK-> |! STAT-> |! STAT |! dimerization-> |! Transcription EMT |! (Epithelial |! to |! Mesenchymal |! transformation) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔epithelial |! cells |! transform |! to |! mesenchymal |! cells |! which |! migrate |! and |! invade |! distant |! tissues |! and |! form |! new |! organs -from |! the |! mesoderm |! to |! other |! lineages Wnt |! signaling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ligand: |! WNT Receptor: |! Frizzled |! (FZD), |! FZD |! activates |! Disheveled |! (DSH) Intracellular |! Signaling -DHS |! inactivates |! GSK3B -releases |! B-catenin |! from |! APC -leads |! to |! activation |! of |! B-catenin Wnt-> |! Frizzled-> |! Disheveled-> |! GSK3-> |! B-catenin-> |! Transcription |! factors->Transcription TGFB/BMP |! superfamily |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TGFB/BMP |! superfamily |! ligand-> |! Receptor |! II-> |! Receptor |! I-> |! Smad |! activation-> |! Smad |! dimerization-> |! New |! Transcription
pachytene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-chromatin |! thicken |! and |! shorten -individual |! chromatids |! distinguished -crossing |! over |! may |! occur diplotene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-crossing |! over |! continues -synaptonemal |! complex |! breaks |! down |! and |! 2 |! homologous |! chromosomes |! separate -chiasmata-crossing |! over |! occurs -only |! between |! regions |! of |! homologous |! genes Metaphase |! I |! and |! Diakinesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-last |! stage |! of |! meiotic |! prophase |! I -chromosomes |! remain |! joined |! at |! tips |! of |! chromatids -ends |! with |! breakdown |! of |! nuclear |! membrane |! and |! migration |! of |! chromosomes -kinetochores |! move |! away |! from |! one |! another Nondisjunction |! of |! homologous |! chromosomes |! in |! meiosis |! I |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-leads |! to |! aneuploid: |! gametes |! will |! be |! abnormal; |! missing |! or |! addition |! of |! chromosome Nondisjunction |! of |! sister |! chromatids |! in |! meiosis |! II |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-only |! 2 |! of |! 4 |! gametes |! will |! be |! abnormal -missing |! or |! addition |! of |! chromosome
Female |! mammalian |! meiosis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔2-3 |! polar |! bodies |! and |! 1 |! oocyte Spermatogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔production |! of |! haploid |! sperm |! from |! spermatogonial |! stem |! cells -4 |! round |! haploid |! spermatids Spermiogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔maturation |! of |! haploid |! spermatids |! into |! motile |! spermatozoa -end |! of |! meiosis -prepares |! sperm |! for |! function Sertoli |! Cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-nourish |! and |! protect |! developing |! sperm |! cells -differentiate |! from |! epithelial |! cells |! -Have |! N-cadherins |! and |! a |! carbohydrate |! receptor |! on |! their |! surface |! that |! binds |! to |! galactosyltransferase |! proteins |! on |! the |! spermatogenic |! cell -N-cadherins |! has |! tight |! interactions |! with |! membrane |! for |! juxtacrine |! signaling Leydig |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-from |! interstitial |! mesenchymal |! cells -hormone |! producing-testosterone |! and |! other |! steroids -b/w |! seminiferous |! tubules production |! of |! steroids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Signaling |! is |! important |! b/w |! cells |! from |! normal |! spermatogenesis |! and |! development |! embryonically
- |! last |! mitotic |! division -completion |! of |! meiosis |! II: |! round |! haploid |! spermatids -end |! of |! Spermiogenesis |! |! and |! next |! step |! is |! Spermiogenesis Spermatocyte |! transition |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-SCF |! and |! GDNF |! is |! secreted |! by |! Sertoli |! cells -SCF |! and |! GDNF |! are |! opposing |! actions -High |! SCF |! promotes |! meiosis -GDNF |! is |! up |! regulated |! by |! FSH *high |! GDNF- |! mitosis |! is |! favored *low |! GDNF-meiosis |! is |! favored Spermiogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1) |! Construction |! of |! the |! acrosomal |! vesicle |! from |! the |! Golgi |! apparatus *centriole |! will |! attach |! to |! nucleus |! and |! complex |! will |! migrate |! to |! one |! side |! of |! cell 2)Rotation |! of |! the |! nucleus |! and |! formation |! of |! the |! flagellum *mitochondria |! lines |! up |! along |! the |! flagellum |! *cell |! will |! elongate |! and |! make |! tale Nuclear |! changes |! spermiogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-in |! the |! nucleus |! all |! the |! nucleosomes |! will |! be |! replaced |! with |! protamines -the |! entire |! nucleus |! will |! stop |! transcribing |! genes |! so |! transcription |! is |! silent.
-prior |! to |! the |! event |! a |! lot |! of |! active |! transcription |! will |! take |! place |! to |! make |! sure |! that |! all |! of |! the |! sperms |! can |! swim |! and |! find |! the |! egg |! to |! fertilize |! it Spermatozoa |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-enzymes |! in |! the |! acrosomal |! vesicles |! that |! digest |! proteins |! and |! complex |! sugars |! and |! used |! to |! penetrate |! the |! outer |! layer |! of |! the |! egg Folliculogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ovarian |! cycle: |! maturation |! and |! ovulation |! of |! oocyte |! within |! the |! ovary Uterine |! cycle- |! provide |! appropriate |! environment |! for |! developing |! embryo -integrated |! hormones |! of |! the |! HPG |! axis Folliculogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-oocytes |! halted |! at |! diplotene -no |! blood |! vessels |! in |! follicules -egg |! blood |! barrier |! formed |! by |! granulose |! cells -blood |! and |! germ |! cells |! don't |! mix -all |! forms |! until |! you |! get |! the |! Graafian |! follicle meiosis |! in |! oocytes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔results |! in |! a |! single |! haploid |! germ |! cell HPG |! axis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad |! axis, |! the |! negative |! feedback |! loop |! that |! regulates |! sex-hormone |! production Species |! dependent |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔stage |! of |! oocyte |! at |! the |! point |! of |! sperm |! entry
