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BIO 320 EXAM 2 | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | VERIFIED
ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM 2025
When stimulated by PAMPS, circulating basophils and tissue resident ____ cells degranulate and release histamine, a cytokine that triggers vascular changes associated with the inflammatory response. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------mast Which of the following immune cells would be useful during exposure and infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus? (select all correct answers) a. mast cell b. B cell c. T cell d. natural killer cell e. neutrophil f. eosinophil ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------mast cell b cell t cell natural killer cell neutrophil Where in the body is the thymus located? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Behind the sternum What is the function of the thymus ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- T lymphocytes develop to maturity
Which immune cells are responsible for the memory response against extracellular bacterial pathogens? (select all correct answers) a. cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells c. B cells d. neutrophils e. mast cells f. natural killer cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------helper T cells B cells Which of the following is also 2nd line of defense response? a. antibodies b. mucus flow c. microflora d. fever e. cytotoxic T cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fever Which circumstance would most likely involve stimulation of innate immunity by DAMPs only (no PAMPs)? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------You received a surgical incision to remove a benign tumor. Any situation that induces damage but not microbes. During viral infection, which innate immune cells will be recruited to the site of infection during the inflammatory response? (select all correct answers) a. plasma cells b. natural killer cells c. cytotoxic T cells d. neutrophils e. eosinophils ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------natural killer cells neutrophils
Which of the following is not a characteristic or component of the second line of defense? a. circulation b. nonspecific c. inflammation d. innate e. memory ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------memory Which of the following is not a characteristic or component of the third line of defense? a. systemic b. nonspecific c. antibodies d. antigens e. memory ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------nonspecific Skin is an effective barrier to infection because it physically prevents entry of pathogens into soft tissues and circulation, thus limiting access to host resources. List different ways that microbes can circumvent this first line of defense. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------wound, inhalation, through one of natural holes in the skin (ears, eyes, nose, mouth, etc.) Mucous membranes, like those in the respiratory tract, secrete a viscous fluid called mucus that traps microbes that enter the natural openings of the body. How is mucus flow in the lower respiratory tract maintained to help remove the trapped microbes from the host? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Beating of cilia All the following are associated with the barrier function of the gastric mucosa except:
a. acid b. goblet cells c. keratin d. pepsin e. simple columnar epithelium ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- keratin What does open-label study mean? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---The researchers and participants know what the participants are receiving. In the observational study, "Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism", what two groups of individuals were likely compared to determine whether vaccination was linked to the development of autism in children? -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Children who were vaccinated vs. children who were not vaccinated Why are scientists exploring gastrointestinal (GI) treatments (e.g., antibiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplant) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurological condition? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Most children with ASD also have GI issues, and severity of symptoms are correlated. In adult humans, hematopoiesis, which is the formation of blood cells from multipotent stem cells, occurs in the: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Red bone marrow The ROS, or reactive ____ species, response is mediated by an enzyme called NADPH oxidase ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------oxygen
Leukocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------White blood cells Hematopoiesis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------process of creating blood cells in the bone marrow starting with stem cells Neutrophils ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 30 - 60% of leukocytes polymorphic nucleus PMNs (poly morpho nucleuo) early responder to inflammatory response NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Trap) Granlocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------neutrophils eosinophils basophils *All innate immunity Agranulocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------monocytes - innate immunity lymphocytes - adaptive immunity What enzyme produces ROS? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- NADPH Oxidase Eosinophils ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------<5% of leukocytes
Anti-parasite response Cytokines and chemokines (inflammation) Basophils and Mast cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- degranulation to release inflammatory cytokines, such as histamine Monocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------phagocytosis second responder to inflammation matures into macrophage upon entering tissues Macrophages and Dendritic cells (DCs) ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------tissue associated release inflammatory cytokines antigen presentation (pAPC) T lymphocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------adaptive immune system matures in thymus helper cells cytotoxic cells T Helper Cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Contain TCR Contain coreceptor CD Produce cytokines Extracellular pathogens T Cytotoxic Cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Contain TCR Contain coreceptor CD
acid microflora Aspects of second line of defense ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- inflammation fever phagocytosis Aspects of third line of defense ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- antibodies helper cytokines CTLs First line of defense physical, mechanical and chemical/biological defense mechanisms ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Physical: limit access to host resources Mechanical: expel microbes to prevent colonization Chemical/biological: inhibit microbial reproduction 'layers' 'flat' cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------stratified squamous cells What protein is present in epithelia ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --keratin What are mechanical barriers? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- mechanical means movement expel microbes
prevent adherence and colonization fluid secretion and muscular contractions (peristalsis) Function of goblet cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------mucus secretion What are chemical barriers? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- inhibit microbial reproduction secretions produce an inhospitable environment for microbes (low pH, chemically reactive, osmotic pressure [sweat]) Function of parietal cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------secrete HCl located in the stomach Function of chief cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------secrete pepsin located in the stomach What are biological barriers ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- biological means living inhibit microbial reproduction microbiome is comprised mainly of bacteria (38 trillion cells) and competes for resources and space (antagonism) Descriptive study ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------studies population uses surveys, interviews and observations
PAMPs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Pathogen associated molecular patterns unique, conserved microbial components DAMPs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------damage associated molecular patterns signals of cell injury PRRs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pattern recognition receptors bind to PAMPs and DAMPs Pro-inflammatory cytokines ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor) *all activate neutrophil production, vascular permeability, fever, acute phase response Antimicrobial peptides ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------HDPs (defensins) injure microbial membranes (lysis) interferon-alpha/beta (IFN) inhibit viral replication Chemokines ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------CXCL8 recruit immune cells Inflammatory response ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------general response to injury/infection increased blood flow/vascular permeability recruit immune cells and molecules
goal is to contain microbes, eliminate microbes and tissue repairs Symptoms of vasodilation ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- redness and warmth Symptoms of permeability ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- swelling/edema, pain and loss of function location of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------neutrophils and monocytes start in blood and then move to tissues macrophages and dendritic cells are found in tissues neutrophil migration ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------roll along endothelium - mediated by selectin adhesion - mediated by integrin diapedesis - neutrophil into tissues through cell junction neutrophil then responds to chemotaxis Process of phagocytosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Exocytosis (antigen presentation)
complement proteins ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- inflammation, opsonization, killing TNF-alpha and IL-1 lead to... ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Fever sweats chills malaise IL-6 leads to... ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------acute phase response TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 lead to... ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, anaemia fever ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------endogenous pyrogens exogenous pyrogens prostaglandins endogenous pyrogens ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha exogenous pyrogens ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------LPS prostaglandins ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------PG
act on hypothalamus Steps of complement system ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. initiation
- amplification
- resolution initiation of complement system ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- host proteins bind to microbe surface amplification of complement system ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---convertase enzymes activate complement cascade positive feedback loop resolution of complement system ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- complement proteins impact microbial clearance Classical pathway ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------antigen- antibody immune complexes Lectin pathway ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------PAMP recognition by lectins Alternative pathway ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------spontaneous hydrolysis or pathogenic surfaces
what prevents MAC from forming ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Protectin (CD59) Type I interferons ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IFN-alpha and IFN-beta Type II interferons ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IFN-gamma IFN-gamma ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------produced by NK cells and T cells pleiotropic effects stimulates antigen presentation and cytotoxicity
