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Bio 253 final exam 2024 NEWEST SPRING-
SUMMER FALL EXAM COMPLETE FULL
LENGTH TEST WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERES
What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? filtrate What is filtrate? mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is normal in filtrate.
- similar to blood plasma Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop Only water is absorbed in the descending limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water). Status of water coming out of nephron loop? @ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb.
tubular secretion
- selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- From blood to tubular
- Usually in the distal tubule
- K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted Hormones that regulate kidney function directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH indirectly : Renin (created by kidney) Angiotensin Aldosterone function
- decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood Aldosterone: Target Cells kidneys ANH function Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H20 and Na+
small intestine, spleen, pancreas, stomach supplies the liver with blood form the aorta Parts of the nephron in order Bowmans Capsule - > Proximal Tubule - > Loop of Henle - > Distal Tubule - > Collecting duct function of upper respiratory tract filters, warms, and humidifies air function of lower respiratory tract Transports air to lungs for gas exchange Upper respiratory structures nasal naries, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx Lower respiratory structures trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, bronchiole tree Organs of the Urinary system kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nephron functional unit of the kidney nephron 1 million per kidney! What parts make up the nephron? Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Glomerulus (capillaries that filter the blood plasma) Bowman's capsule (surrounds the glomerulus) Efferent arteriole loop of henle What is the glomerulus made of? capillaries Function of a nephron filter blood and produce urine Two nephron types juxtamedullary and cortical
produces ultra filtrate which then passes through tubules. Capsules block passage of red blood cells and large molecules like protein distal convoluted tubule function secretion Urine normal range book says 6 : (4.5-8) Substances that should not be found in filtrate Protein, blood substances that should not be found in urine blood, protein, glucose Aldosterone Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
- adrenal cortex nephron in the cortex What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? Where in the kidney is it located?
glomerulus A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. largest fluid distribution in the body intracellular or interstitial (66%) Other name for intracellular cytoplasm Subcompartments of ECF
- plasma in the blood
- CSF
- mucous
- serous fluid
- interstitial fluid Extracellular electrolytes sodium (cation) chloride (anion) bicarbonate Intracellular electrolytes
The parts of the brain stem are pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata brain stem function
- control heartbeat (cardiac center) 2.breathing (RR) 3.blood pressure (vasomotor center) medulla oblongata function regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate) midbrain function relay center for visual/auditory impulses/motor control Pons function Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. (4) Cerebellum function process and store information, coordinates voluntary movements (posture, balance, speech) diencephalon function
memory processing and emotional response parts of diencephalon thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus function sensory relay station hypothalamus function water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex. cerebrum function thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres corpus collosum function Connect right and left hemispheres to allow communication (white matter)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. sensory neurons (afferent) neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord motor neurons (efferent neurons) neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands How are sensory and motor distributed in the nerve? roots of the spinal nerves ventricle root of spinal nerve motor dorsal root of spinal nerve carries afferent (sensory) information mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers trigemnial a mixed nerve
Which cranial nerves are sensory? olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear Which cranial nerves are motor? oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal parts of a nephron axon, dendrites, cell body dendrites function in neuron to receive signals to send to cell body axon function send signal from the neuron to the next cell cell body function and signal type location of nucleus and organelles and is an electrical signal type autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
Chemical interaction (smell and taste) Nociceptors respond to pain Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, gravity, stretch, movement path of blood flow to the heart Superior and Inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve and through the aorta Valves of the heart tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid or mitral valve, aortic semilunar valve When does the tricuspid valve close? When the right ventricle contracts When does the tricuspid valve open? diastole
when does the pulmonary semilunar valve open? when does the pulmonary semilunar valve close? When does the bicuspid valve close? When the left ventricle contracts When does the mitral valve open? When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure When do the semilunar valves open? when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries When do the semilunar valves close?
- When the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
- when ventricles contract pulmonary gas circuit carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body
how to measure cardiac output heart rate x stroke volume what can effect stroke volume? what cell makes mucous? goblet cell Blood supply to the heart
- Left Coronary Artery supplies blood to left heart wall
- Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to right heart wall coronary artery function Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart from the blood blood vessels arteries, veins, capillaries highest pressure the arteries lowest pressure
Large veins Layers of vessel walls
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa tunica intima (interna)
- endothelium and basement membrane always present
- internal elastic lamina may be present tunica media middle layer of artery; made up of smooth muscle fibers tunica externa outer layer of a blood vessel which connects it to surrounding tissues - connective tissue structures of the larynx vocal folds, hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
