Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Bio 253 Exam Final Year 2024, Exams of Biochemistry

What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - ✔✔filtrate What is filtrate? - ✔✔mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is normal in filtrate. -similar to blood plasma Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - ✔✔Only water is absorbed in the descending limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water). Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - ✔✔@ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? - ✔✔Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb. tubular secretion - ✔✔-selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts -From blood to tubular -Usually in the distal tubule -K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secretedHormones that regulate kidney function - ✔✔directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/11/2024

Martin-Ray-1
Martin-Ray-1 🇺🇸

5

(8)

6.1K documents

1 / 26

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Bio 253 Exam Final Year 2024
What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - ✔✔filtrate
What is filtrate? - ✔✔mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products.
Glucose is normal in filtrate.
-similar to blood plasma
Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - ✔✔Only water is absorbed in the descending
limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water).
Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - ✔✔@ Lowest concentration
(diluted)
Process taking place in nephron loop? - ✔✔Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes
the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the
ascending limb.
tubular secretion - ✔✔-selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in
renal tubules and collecting ducts
-From blood to tubular
-Usually in the distal tubule
-K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a

Partial preview of the text

Download Bio 253 Exam Final Year 2024 and more Exams Biochemistry in PDF only on Docsity!

Bio 253 Exam Final Year 2024

What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - ✔✔filtrate What is filtrate? - ✔✔mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is normal in filtrate.

  • similar to blood plasma Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - ✔✔Only water is absorbed in the descending limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water). Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - ✔✔@ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? - ✔✔Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb. tubular secretion - ✔✔-selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
  • From blood to tubular
  • Usually in the distal tubule
  • K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted

Hormones that regulate kidney function - ✔✔directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH indirectly : Renin (created by kidney) Angiotensin Aldosterone function - ✔✔-decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood Aldosterone: Target Cells - ✔✔kidneys ANH function - ✔✔Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H and Na+ Effects of ADH - ✔✔increases reabsorption of water from urine back into plasma and therefore, decreases the volume of water that is excreted

  • secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  • when a person is dehydrated, hypothalamus makes them thirsty and retains more water because of the ADH

function of upper respiratory tract - ✔✔filters, warms, and humidifies air function of lower respiratory tract - ✔✔Transports air to lungs for gas exchange Upper respiratory structures - ✔✔nasal naries, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx Lower respiratory structures - ✔✔trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, bronchiole tree Proximal tubule function - ✔✔tubular reabsorption, it reabsorbs from the filtrate the "good stuff" and puts it back into the blood Glomerulus function - ✔✔produces ultra filtrate which then passes through tubules. Capsules block passage of red blood cells and large molecules like protein distal convoluted tubule function - ✔✔secretion Urine normal range - ✔✔book says 6 : (4.5-8) Substances that should not be found in filtrate - ✔✔Protein, blood

substances that should not be found in urine - ✔✔blood, protein, glucose Aldosterone - ✔✔Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

  • adrenal cortex nephron in the cortex - ✔✔What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? Where in the kidney is it located? glomerulus - ✔✔A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. largest fluid distribution in the body - ✔✔intracellular or interstitial (66%) Other name for intracellular - ✔✔cytoplasm Subcompartments of ECF - ✔✔-plasma in the blood
  • CSF
  • mucous
  • serous fluid
  • interstitial fluid

Parts of the brain - ✔✔cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon The parts of the brain stem are - ✔✔pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata brain stem function - ✔✔1. control heartbeat (cardiac center) 2.breathing (RR) 3.blood pressure (vasomotor center) medulla oblongata function - ✔✔regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate) midbrain function - ✔✔relay center for visual/auditory impulses/motor control Pons function - ✔✔Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. (4) Cerebellum function - ✔✔process and store information, coordinates voluntary movements (posture, balance, speech) diencephalon function - ✔✔memory processing and emotional response

parts of diencephalon - ✔✔thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus function - ✔✔sensory relay station hypothalamus function - ✔✔water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex. cerebrum function - ✔✔thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory longitudinal fissure - ✔✔separates the two hemispheres corpus collosum function - ✔✔Connect right and left hemispheres to allow communication (white matter) Lobes of the brain - ✔✔frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal temporal function - ✔✔hearing/auditory

ventricle root of spinal nerve - ✔✔motor dorsal root of spinal nerve - ✔✔carries afferent (sensory) information mixed nerves - ✔✔contain both sensory and motor fibers trigemnial - ✔✔a mixed nerve Which cranial nerves are sensory? - ✔✔olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear Which cranial nerves are motor? - ✔✔oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal parts of a nephron - ✔✔axon, dendrites, cell body dendrites function in neuron - ✔✔to receive signals to send to cell body axon function - ✔✔send signal from the neuron to the next cell cell body function and signal type - ✔✔location of nucleus and organelles and is an electrical signal type

autonomic nervous system - ✔✔sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system Affects of Sympathetic Nervous System - ✔✔Heart rate, Blood pressure, breathing, sweating Huge blood flow changes Senses and perception changes Parasympathetic NC is turned off or reduced affects of parasympathetic system - ✔✔ Meninges layers - ✔✔1. dura mater

  1. arachnoid
  2. pia mater CSF is found in what space - ✔✔subarachnoid space glial cell functions - ✔✔-To surround neurons and hold them in place
  • To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  • To insulate one neuron from another
  • To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

When does the bicuspid valve close? - ✔✔When the left ventricle contracts When does the mitral valve open? - ✔✔When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure When do the semilunar valves open? - ✔✔when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries When do the semilunar valves close? - ✔✔-When the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles

  • when ventricles contract pulmonary gas circuit - ✔✔carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart systemic circuit - ✔✔carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body pulmonary gas exchange - ✔✔movement of gases between lungs and blood systemic gas exchange - ✔✔movement of respiratory gases between blood in systemic capillaries and systemic cells Conduction system of the heart - ✔✔SA node,

AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers EKG waves - ✔✔P: atrial activity PR: AV node QRS: ventricular activity T: repolarization of the ventricles U: may or may not be present EKG Waves/Intervals - ✔✔PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 Secs. QRS Interval: 0.12 Secs. how to measure cardiac output - ✔✔heart rate x stroke volume what can effect stroke volume? - ✔✔ what cell makes mucous? - ✔✔goblet cell Blood supply to the heart - ✔✔-Left Coronary Artery supplies blood to left heart wall

  • Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to right heart wall

structures of the larynx - ✔✔vocal folds, hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage CO2 transported in blood in three forms - ✔✔-7 to 10% dissolved in plasma

  • 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma O2 transport in blood - ✔✔98% - 99% of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin what effects o2 binding to hemoglobin? - ✔✔Temp, ph , co2 , o vital capacity equation - ✔✔TV + IRV + ERV tidal breathing - ✔✔normal breathing IRV - ✔✔max breath in minus normal breath in ERV (expiratory reserve volume) - ✔✔max breath out minus normal breath out

Residual Volume (RV) - ✔✔Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation Layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep) - ✔✔stratum corner, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light - ✔✔-Can result in damage to the DNA of cells in the stratum germinative

  • photosynthesis
  • sunburn epithelial tissue - ✔✔Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. muscle tissue types - ✔✔skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle skeletal muscle - ✔✔a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.

lysosomes Nucleus function - ✔✔The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material Mitochondria function - ✔✔ATP production/powerhouse of cell Ribosomes function - ✔✔site of protein synthesis Smooth ER function - ✔✔lipid synthesis Rough ER function - ✔✔modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins Golgi bodies function - ✔✔-process and packages proteins and lipids

  • more materials within the cell and out of the cell in the small sac called "vesicle" Lysosomes function - ✔✔Digestion and recycling Nucleolus - ✔✔Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes Homeostasis definition - ✔✔The maintenance of a constant internal environment

positive feedback loop - ✔✔Causes a system to change further in the same direction. negative feedback loop - ✔✔A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving Cellular Transport Mechanisms - ✔✔-Diffusion

  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Active Transport
  • Filtration
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis active transport - ✔✔Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Filtration - ✔✔A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles. Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.