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Bio 253 Exam Final Year 2024
What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - ✔✔filtrate What is filtrate? - ✔✔mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is normal in filtrate.
- similar to blood plasma Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - ✔✔Only water is absorbed in the descending limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water). Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - ✔✔@ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? - ✔✔Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb. tubular secretion - ✔✔-selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- From blood to tubular
- Usually in the distal tubule
- K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted
Hormones that regulate kidney function - ✔✔directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH indirectly : Renin (created by kidney) Angiotensin Aldosterone function - ✔✔-decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood Aldosterone: Target Cells - ✔✔kidneys ANH function - ✔✔Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H and Na+ Effects of ADH - ✔✔increases reabsorption of water from urine back into plasma and therefore, decreases the volume of water that is excreted
- secreted by posterior pituitary gland
- when a person is dehydrated, hypothalamus makes them thirsty and retains more water because of the ADH
function of upper respiratory tract - ✔✔filters, warms, and humidifies air function of lower respiratory tract - ✔✔Transports air to lungs for gas exchange Upper respiratory structures - ✔✔nasal naries, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx Lower respiratory structures - ✔✔trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, bronchiole tree Proximal tubule function - ✔✔tubular reabsorption, it reabsorbs from the filtrate the "good stuff" and puts it back into the blood Glomerulus function - ✔✔produces ultra filtrate which then passes through tubules. Capsules block passage of red blood cells and large molecules like protein distal convoluted tubule function - ✔✔secretion Urine normal range - ✔✔book says 6 : (4.5-8) Substances that should not be found in filtrate - ✔✔Protein, blood
substances that should not be found in urine - ✔✔blood, protein, glucose Aldosterone - ✔✔Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
- adrenal cortex nephron in the cortex - ✔✔What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? Where in the kidney is it located? glomerulus - ✔✔A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. largest fluid distribution in the body - ✔✔intracellular or interstitial (66%) Other name for intracellular - ✔✔cytoplasm Subcompartments of ECF - ✔✔-plasma in the blood
- CSF
- mucous
- serous fluid
- interstitial fluid
Parts of the brain - ✔✔cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon The parts of the brain stem are - ✔✔pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata brain stem function - ✔✔1. control heartbeat (cardiac center) 2.breathing (RR) 3.blood pressure (vasomotor center) medulla oblongata function - ✔✔regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate) midbrain function - ✔✔relay center for visual/auditory impulses/motor control Pons function - ✔✔Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. (4) Cerebellum function - ✔✔process and store information, coordinates voluntary movements (posture, balance, speech) diencephalon function - ✔✔memory processing and emotional response
parts of diencephalon - ✔✔thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus function - ✔✔sensory relay station hypothalamus function - ✔✔water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex. cerebrum function - ✔✔thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory longitudinal fissure - ✔✔separates the two hemispheres corpus collosum function - ✔✔Connect right and left hemispheres to allow communication (white matter) Lobes of the brain - ✔✔frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal temporal function - ✔✔hearing/auditory
ventricle root of spinal nerve - ✔✔motor dorsal root of spinal nerve - ✔✔carries afferent (sensory) information mixed nerves - ✔✔contain both sensory and motor fibers trigemnial - ✔✔a mixed nerve Which cranial nerves are sensory? - ✔✔olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear Which cranial nerves are motor? - ✔✔oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal parts of a nephron - ✔✔axon, dendrites, cell body dendrites function in neuron - ✔✔to receive signals to send to cell body axon function - ✔✔send signal from the neuron to the next cell cell body function and signal type - ✔✔location of nucleus and organelles and is an electrical signal type
autonomic nervous system - ✔✔sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system Affects of Sympathetic Nervous System - ✔✔Heart rate, Blood pressure, breathing, sweating Huge blood flow changes Senses and perception changes Parasympathetic NC is turned off or reduced affects of parasympathetic system - ✔✔ Meninges layers - ✔✔1. dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater CSF is found in what space - ✔✔subarachnoid space glial cell functions - ✔✔-To surround neurons and hold them in place
- To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
- To insulate one neuron from another
- To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
When does the bicuspid valve close? - ✔✔When the left ventricle contracts When does the mitral valve open? - ✔✔When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure When do the semilunar valves open? - ✔✔when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries When do the semilunar valves close? - ✔✔-When the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
- when ventricles contract pulmonary gas circuit - ✔✔carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart systemic circuit - ✔✔carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body pulmonary gas exchange - ✔✔movement of gases between lungs and blood systemic gas exchange - ✔✔movement of respiratory gases between blood in systemic capillaries and systemic cells Conduction system of the heart - ✔✔SA node,
AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers EKG waves - ✔✔P: atrial activity PR: AV node QRS: ventricular activity T: repolarization of the ventricles U: may or may not be present EKG Waves/Intervals - ✔✔PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 Secs. QRS Interval: 0.12 Secs. how to measure cardiac output - ✔✔heart rate x stroke volume what can effect stroke volume? - ✔✔ what cell makes mucous? - ✔✔goblet cell Blood supply to the heart - ✔✔-Left Coronary Artery supplies blood to left heart wall
- Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to right heart wall
structures of the larynx - ✔✔vocal folds, hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage CO2 transported in blood in three forms - ✔✔-7 to 10% dissolved in plasma
- 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
- 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma O2 transport in blood - ✔✔98% - 99% of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin what effects o2 binding to hemoglobin? - ✔✔Temp, ph , co2 , o vital capacity equation - ✔✔TV + IRV + ERV tidal breathing - ✔✔normal breathing IRV - ✔✔max breath in minus normal breath in ERV (expiratory reserve volume) - ✔✔max breath out minus normal breath out
Residual Volume (RV) - ✔✔Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation Layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep) - ✔✔stratum corner, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light - ✔✔-Can result in damage to the DNA of cells in the stratum germinative
- photosynthesis
- sunburn epithelial tissue - ✔✔Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. muscle tissue types - ✔✔skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle skeletal muscle - ✔✔a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
lysosomes Nucleus function - ✔✔The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material Mitochondria function - ✔✔ATP production/powerhouse of cell Ribosomes function - ✔✔site of protein synthesis Smooth ER function - ✔✔lipid synthesis Rough ER function - ✔✔modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins Golgi bodies function - ✔✔-process and packages proteins and lipids
- more materials within the cell and out of the cell in the small sac called "vesicle" Lysosomes function - ✔✔Digestion and recycling Nucleolus - ✔✔Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes Homeostasis definition - ✔✔The maintenance of a constant internal environment
positive feedback loop - ✔✔Causes a system to change further in the same direction. negative feedback loop - ✔✔A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving Cellular Transport Mechanisms - ✔✔-Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Filtration
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis active transport - ✔✔Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Filtration - ✔✔A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles. Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
