Download Bio 210 Trident Tech Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Bio 210 Trident Tech Final Exam
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100%
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/
Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body Physiology examines how the body func ons cytology study of body cells and their internal structure Pathophysiology relationship between the func on of an organ system and disease or injury to the system Characteristics That Describe Living Things organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction Muscular System
- Locomotion
- Heat production (Muscles,Tendons) endocrine system
- Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones) (Pituitary gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads) Respiratory system
- Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Lungs,Trachea, Larynx, Nasal cavities, Pharynx) lymphatic system
- Returns tissue fluid to blood
- Defends against foreign organisms (Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels) integumentary system
- Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals
- Temperature control
(Skin, Hair, Subcutaneous tissue) nervous system
- Coordinates activities of other organ systems
- Responds to sensations (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Eyes, Ears) skeletal system
- Supports and moves body
- Protects internal organs
- Mineral storage
- Blood formation (Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Bone marrow) cardiovascular system
- Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
- Removes waste products (Heart, Blood, Blood vessels) reproductive system
- Produces germ cells (eggs and sperm)
- Environment for growth of fetus (female) (Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary glands, Testes, Prostate gland, External genitalia) urinary system
- Elimination of wastes
- Regulates pH and volume of blood (Kidneys,Urinary bladder,Urethra) digestive system
- Processes foods
- Absorption of nutrients into body (Stomach, Intestinal tract, Liver, Pancreas, Esophagus Salivary gland) anatomic positon
Three subatomic particles protons, neutrons, electrons Location of subatomic particles (1) Proton and neutron - nucleus (2) Electron - electron cloud Formula for carbon dioxide CO Formula for water H2O formula for methane CH pH scale measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 Acid range on pH scale 0 - 6. Base range on pH scale 7.1- 14 Four classes of biological molecules carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Carbohydrates function main source of energy Lipid function long term energy storage protein functions structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances nucleic acid function store and transmit genetic information difference in electrolytes and non electrolytes Electrolytes are salts or molecules that ionize completely in solution. As a result, electrolyte solutions readily conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions in solution; nonelectrolyte solutions do not, therefore, conduct electricity. potential energy Energy that is stored and held in readiness kinetic energy the energy an object has due to its motion
Enzymes Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things endergonic reaction A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. exergonic reaction A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. decomposition reaction a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances AB → A + B synthesis reaction a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A + B → AB exchange reaction Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products AB+CD→AC+BD. Oxidation-reaction (redox) a type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost from one atom are gained by another atom 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) Organelle A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell concentration gradient A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane Exocytosis Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material main components of plasma membrane phospholipids and proteins facilitated diffusion Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels simple diffusion movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Tonicity the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Tissue A group of similar cells that perform the same function. Histology study of tissues Endocrine glands are ductless glands that produce hormones exocrine glands Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct Neuron a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system merocrine glands Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis apocrine glands glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion mammary or ceruminous holocrine glands Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells Four major tissue types epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous simple squamous epithelium single layer of flat cells (alveoli, lining of blood vessels, mesothelium) simple cuboidal epithelium a single layer of cube-shaped cells;usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei; secretion as absorption; located in ovaries, kidney tubules, glands stratified squamous epithelium protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion skin if keratinized if not keratinized oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus reticular fibers Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. collagen fibers a protein substance found in bone and cartilage provides strength elastic fibers Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue Adipocytes
fat cells that make up most of the subcutaneous layer Macrophages Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance mast cells Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation. dense regular connective tissue Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses dense irregular connective tissue Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract elastic connective tissue Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes integument covering of the body dermatology study of the skin Melanocytes a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin. Melanin A pigment that gives the skin its color Carotene yellow-orange pigment arrector pili a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted sebaceous glands
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone matrix components of bone matrix organic and inorganic organic compounds in bone matrix Osteoid produced by osteoblasts, contains
- Collagen
- Ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins inorganic compounds in bone matrix
- Salt crystals, calcium phosphate Hydroxyapatite
- Crystals deposit around collagen fibers central canal (haversian canal) canal that houses blood vessels located at the center of the osteon concentric lamellae layers of bony matrix around a central canal Lacunae small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes Canaliculi Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal intramembranous ossification bone develops from a fibrous membrane endocondral ossification long bone fracture, blood - > cartilage - > bone (6-8 weeks repair) growth hormone hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones Calcitonin Lowers blood calcium levels (thyroid) joint A place in the body where two bones come together articulate the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. Synarthrosis immovable joint Diarthrosis freely movable joint
Joint cavity (synovial cavity) small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates and bears weight Tendons Connect muscle to bone bursa fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another tendon sheath elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Circumduction circular movement of a limb at the far end Pronation palm down opposition Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips Reposition opposite of opposition Dorsiflexion bending of the foot or the toes upward Flexion Decreases the angle of a joint extension Straightening of a joint arthritis inflammation of a joint Osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease rheumatoid arthritis a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked muscle fiber a single muscle cell Fascicle bundle of muscle fibers Sarcolemma plasma membrane of a muscle fiber Transverse tubules (T-tubules)
nerve cells cell body (soma) contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands Epineurium Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels. myelin sheath A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. all or nothing principle The principle that once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (its threshold), it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity. Depolarization The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. salutatory conduction action potential jumps from node to node, which speeds up the impulse. body structures that make up the two anatomic divisions of the nervous system CNS and PNS multipolar neuron A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. bipolar neurons one axon and one dendrite unipolar neuron A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system. sensory neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord motor neurons neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands Interneurons neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Astrocytes
Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons. blood brain barrier ependymal cells line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid Microglia Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system Oligodendrocytes Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath. initial segment composed of axon hillock-contains voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels with Na+ moving in and K+ moving out conductive segment consists of the length of the axon and telodendria-contains voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage- gated K+ channels with Na+ moving in and K+ moving out transmission segment includes synaptic knobs-contains voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ pumps Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
- 70 mV Gyri ridges of the brain Sulci shallow grooves that separate gyri cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges. ventricles of the brain canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid choroid plexus A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid. longitudinal fissure separates cerebral hemispheres corpus callosum a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain. cranial dural septa The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) into the cranial cavity at four locations. Collectively, these double layers of dura mater are called cranial dural septa.
Control of emotional behavior Control of food intake Control of water intake Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms tectum of midbrain superior and inferior colliculi medulla oblongata Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. cardiac center of medulla oblongata adjusts rate and force of heart vasomotor center of medulla oblongata adjusts blood vessel diameter medullary respiratory control center Main control center for breathing, in medulla oblongata reticular formation a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling arousal cranial nerves 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain olfactory nerve relating to the sense of smell optic nerve the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Oculomotor eye movement (motor) trochlear nerve eye movement for downward, outward, and inward eye movements. trigeminal nerve ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular abducens nerve eye movement Facial Nerve (VII) tear, nasal, and salivary glands Vestibulocochlear hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal (IX) jugular foramen
vagus nerve the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas Accessory Nerve (XI) swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements hypoglossal nerve tongue movement cervial enlargement where nerves of the upper and lower limbs arise; has a larger region beayse that is where nerves for the arm is going lumbrosacral enlargement extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs cauda equina collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord posterior root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons sacral plexus Arises from L4-S
- Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum sciatic nerve nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot reflex arc A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement. pia mater of the spinal cord Menix that is in direct contact with the spinal cord. dura mater thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord anterior horn somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots lateral horn (only in thoracic and lumbar regions)
- sympathetic neurons gray commissure connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal central canal A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata posterior funiculus
endocrine organs hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal medulla, testes, ovaries diabetes mellitus insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects function of oxytocin secreted during childbirth, increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contraction and stimulates milk secretion function of antidiuretic hormone causes kidney to conserve water function of aldosterone responsible for renal absorption of sodium & excretion of potassium Function of cortisol
- maintain glucose control
- inc hepatic gluconeogensis (glucose synthesis)
- manages the body's stress response function of mineralocorticoids Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys
