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BIO 205 Microbiology MIDTERM EXAM 2024 - 2025
ACCURATE FALL- SPRING SEMESTER ARIZONA
COLLEGE
Portals of Entry conjunctiva, nose, mouth, skin, placenta, urethra, vagina Portal of entry skin Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria causes impetigo. Papillomavirus is a virus that causes warts. Trichophyton is a fungus that causes ringworm. Portal of entry wound Colostrum centanni the bacteria that causes tetanus. Rabies virus is a virus that causes rabies. Portal of entry respiratory tract Bordetella pertussis is a bacteria that causes whooping cough. Influenza is a virus that causes influenza. Blastomycosis dermatitis is a fungus that causes blastomycosis.
Portal of entry gastrointestinal tract Clostridium difficile is a bacteria that causes diarrhea illness. Polio is a virus that causes polio. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that causes giardia. Portal of entry genitourinary tract Treponema pallidum is the bacteria that causes syphilis. Herpes Simplex 2 is a virus that causes genital herpes. Candida albicans is a fungus that causes vaginitis. Routes of transmission of infection Contact, Common vehicle, Airborne, Vector. Direct contact Infective agents spread to an individual directly from contaminated sources.
Types of vectors Mechanical Pathogen located outside the vectors body, attached to little feet. Standard precautions Minimum standard applied, hand hygiene, PPE, face mask, gowns, gloves. Transmission based precautions On top of standard precautions when suspected infection is easily transmissible. Gloves, gowns, hand hygiene, private room, delegated equipment. Contact precautions Gloves, gowns, hand hygiene, private room, delegated equipment.
Airborne precautions Negative pressure room, patient face mask, closed-door, hand hygiene, PPE. Droplet precautions PPE, masks, hand hygiene, private room, limited patient transport, droplet pathogen transmission. Hand hygiene Simplest way to prevent spread of infection. Basics of hand-washing steps Remove jewelry begin cranked enough paper towel and hot water then wash hands then apply soap then scrub hands fingers and nails, duration 25 to 30 seconds, rinse then dry turn off water with paper towel and discard towel. Personal protective equipment PPE, gloves for touching patience, gowns for splashes and excretions, face masks and eye protection for splashes.
Disease A condition in which the body fails to function normally. Signs Objective evidence or manifestation of illness. Symptoms Any change in the body sauce function as perceived by patient. Vital Signs Heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate. Syndrome The set of symptoms and signs associated with one particular disease.
Diagnosis Determine the cause of the patient's symptoms and signs. Chief complaint or concern CC main sign or symptom cause patient to seek Healthcare. Etiology The specific cause the disease. Prognosis The predicted outcome of a disease. Remission Disease may disappear at times.
A disease is continually present within a specific population or region. Epidemic Disease occur suddenly in large numbers over a specific region. Pandemic Disease spreads Countrywide and worldwide. Passive immunity Short-lived, injecting already formed antibodies called immunoglobulins into a patient with infection or to prevent infection. Active immunity Produced artificially by vaccination or Naturally by becoming ill with a particular disease. Passive immunity in immunocompromised
Used in patients who haven't been vaccinated, or immunocompromised. Not able to produce antibodies on their own. Antimicrobial therapy questions 1 Is a disease we are treating better the same, or worse. 2 is the treatment causing side effects that may be worsening the disease. Monitoring antimicrobial therapies importance These are important to monitor to make sure the disease is progressing positively and not causing more harm. Infection disease monitored clinically Bedside monitoring, for example monitor fever cough and phlegm. Infection disease monitored Laboratory Testing, for example white blood cell count and x-ray.
Drugs actively destroy bacteria. Bactericidal antibiotics Beta lactams, Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Daptomycin, Metronidazole. Bacteriostatic antibiotics Tetracyclines, Macrolids, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Linezolid, clindamycin. Broad-spectrum drug Drug acts on wide range of disease-causing bacteria. Narrow-spectrum drug Drug that is effective against specific families of bacteria.
Broad antibiotics Carbapenems, Ceftaroline. Carbapenems act on Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative bacilli, Pseudomonas, Anaerobes. Ceftaroline acts on Gram positive cocci, MRSA, Gram-negative. Narrow antibiotics Penicillin G, Nafcillin. Penicillin G acts on Streptococci. Nafcillin
Cephalosporins Five generations. Take if allergic to penicillin. Long duration of action. Use for chronic infections. Five generations of cephalosporins use 1 gram positive, community-acquired infection. 2 Pediatrics and respiratory and urinary in hospital. 3 healthcare-associated infections, gram-negative. 4 pneumonia UTIs skin infections. 5 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. 5 generation cephalosporin names 1 cephalexin, 2 cefaclor, 3 ceftriaxone, 4 cefeprime, 5 ceftaroline.
Monobactams One beta lactam ring. Actreonam, Wide spectrum, gram-negative, use for people with serious allergies to Beta lactams. Carbapenems Primaxin, meropenem, ertapenem , doripenem. broad spectrum. Work against other bacteria that are resistant. Serious infection. Act on cell wall. Quinolones Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin. Block two enzymes responsible for DNA growth. Used for UTIs and gram-negative pathogens. Fluoroquinolones both gram-negative and gram-positive. Photosensitivity, tendon inflammation and rupture. Aminoglycosides Serious infection gram-negative. Bactericidal. Can cause hearing loss, kidney failure, and creases muscle weakness. Amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin.
Main use for UTI, infectious diarrhea. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, sulfadiazine. Oxazolidinones Inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Enterococci and staphylococci. Oral or Ivy. Vanco resistant, CA pneumonia, MRSA, skin and soft-tissue infections. Blood count monitored, bone marrow suppression. Linezolid. Quninupristin-Dalfopristin Inhibit protein synthesis. Bacteriostatic, gram-positive, bactericidal against staphylococci. MRSA , enterococcus. Muscle aches, joint pains, infusion site reaction. Synercid. Daptomycin interfering with electrical activity of the cell membrane. Gram positive. MRSA, VRE, vanco failure. Side effects diarrhea, vomiting, leg and arm pain, kidney failure. Monitored. Cubicin. Clindamycin
oral, topical, IV. Gram positive. Pneumonia, SS tissue, osteomyelitis, female pelvis, HIV, MRSA. Side effects nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, colostrum difficile. Metronidazole inhibits protein synthesis, bactericidal. Peptic ulcer. Side effect metallic taste, diarrhea, nausea, and tolerance to alcohol. Stop drinking during, 3 days after. RNA viruses Influenza, polio, HIV, rabies, encephalitis. DNA viruses Adenovirus respiratory disease, papilloma warts, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr mononucleosis. Antiviral drugs and vaccines available Influenza, measles, mumps, polio, rubella, HIV, hepatitis C.
