Download Bio-203 GB: Anatomy and Physiology 2024 Fall Exam 1 questions and answers and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Bio-203 GB: Anatomy and Physiology
2024 Fall Exam 1 questions and answers
Common Functions of all living things - Answer>>Responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, metabolism Responsiveness - Answer>>organism that changes in response to the enviorment, longer term change called adaptation Growth - Answer>>an increase in size, number of cells, complexity of cells, or all three; process of developing a variety of cells called differentiation Reproduction - Answer>>creation of new generations of similar organisms Movement - Answer>>ability to transport things with in the internal enviorment of the organism; ability to transport the organism through the external enviorment Metabolism - Answer>>sum total of all the chemical reactions in the organism; uses resources absorbed in the enviorment; uses respiration for cellular production of energy; organism excretes any waste products left over teh chemical reactions Anatomy - Answer>>means "cutting open"; structure of things or how things are built; specifies: where things are, what they are made of, physical relationships between parts Physiology - Answer>>function of anatomical structures; specifies: how structures, organs, and systems work seperatly and together Chemical Level - Answer>>atoms are the smallest stable units of matter; combine to form molecules; molecular shape defines function
Cellular Level - Answer>>combination of molecules, atoms and organelles to perform a specific function in a cell Tissue Level - Answer>>collection of cells working together to perform a specific function Organ Level - Answer>>2 or more tissues working together to perform specific functions Organ System Level - Answer>>2 or more organs working together to perform specific functions Organism Level - Answer>>multiple organ systems working together to maintain health Vertebrae Organ Systems - Answer>>integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive Integumentary - Answer>>protects against enviormental hazards, helps control body temp Skeletal - Answer>>provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells Muscular - Answer>>allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat Nervous - Answer>>directs immediate responses to stimuli; usually by coordinating the activities of the other organ systems Endocrine - Answer>>directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems Cardiovascular - Answer>>transports cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, and gases
Positive Feedback - Answer>>reinforces or exaggerates deviations from the norm; variations from the norm that are increases are further increased; variations from te norm that are decreases are further decreased; mechanisms are relatively rare and must be controled by an independant "off switch" Medical Terminology - Answer>>describes body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections; surface anatomy; sectional anatomy Anatomical Position - Answer>>hands at the sides with palms facing forward and feet together; supine(face up); prone(face down) Anatomical Regions - Answer>>2 methods to map the surface of the abdomen and pelvis; abdominopelvic quadrants; adominopelvic regions Abdominopelvic Regions - Answer>>right/left hypochondriac region, right/left lumbar region, right/left inguinal region, epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region Anatomical Directions - Answer>>provide an orientation of structures relative to anatomical postion; left and right always refers to the left and right sides of the subject not the observer Anatomical Terminology - Answer>>carnial/caudial, dorsal/ventral, superior/inderior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, central/peripheral, ipsilateral/contralateral Transverse Plane - Answer>>divides body into head and tail portions Frontal Plane - Answer>>divides body into belly and back portions Sagittal Plane - Answer>>divides body into left and right portions
Body Cavities - Answer>>protects internal organs; allows organs to change shape; dorsal and ventral cavities exist in humans; in vertebraes, dorsal cavity typically contains neural tissue; ventral cavity contains viscera; lined with (parietal layer) and organs are enclosed (visceral layer) by serous membrane Viscera - Answer>>organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems Ventral Body Cavity - Answer>>thoratic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity Thoratic Cavity - Answer>>3 internal chambers; 1 pericardial cavity+2 pleural cavities; each cavity is defined by a serous membrane Pericardial Cavity - Answer>>contains heart; defined by a serous membrane called the pericardium; visceral pericardium- layer covering the heart; parietal pericardium- outer layer; between 2 layers is serous fluid to reduce friction Abdominopelvic Cavity - Answer>>subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity; contains the peritoneal cavity, lined with a serous membrane called the peritoneum; visceral peritoneum covers internal organs; perietal pertoneum lines inne surface of body wall Pleural Cavity - Answer>>each lung has its own; serous membrane is the pleura; visceral pleura- layer covering the lung; parietal pleura- lines the inner surface of the chest wall Tissues - Answer>>colections of cells and cell products that performm specific limited functions Histology - Answer>>the study of tissues Four types of tissues - Answer>>epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
Transitional Epithelium - Answer>>urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters; permits expansion and recoil after strectching Stem Cells - Answer>>unipotent, oligopotent, multipotent, totipotent Mitosis - Answer>>epithlia cells replaced by Endocrine Glands - Answer>>release hormones; into interstitial fluid and plasma, no ducts Exocrine glands - Answer>>produce secretions; onto epithelial surfaces, through ducts Connective Tissue - Answer>>provides a protective structural framework for other tissues 3 Basic Components of Connective Tissue - Answer>>specialized cells, solid extra cellulr protein fibers, fluid extracellular ground substance Matrix - Answer>>extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground substance) Characteristics of Connective Tissue - Answer>>majority of tissue volume; determines specialized function Functions of Connective Tissue - Answer>>support and protection, transportation of materials, storage of energy reserves, defense of the body 3 Major types of Connective Tissue - Answer>>connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, supporting connective tissue Cells of Connective Tissue Proper - Answer>>fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes
Fibroblasts - Answer>>most abundent cells in connective tissue proper; produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance Macrophages - Answer>>scattered throughout the matrix, phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue; release chemicals that imobilize the immune system Adipocytes - Answer>>fat cells, deep to the skin, especially at sides, butt, breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys; Function of Adipocytes - Answer>>provides padding; cushions shocks insulates (reduces heat loss) stores energy 3 Basic types of Connective Tissue Fibers - Answer>>collagen, elastic, reticular Collagen Fibers - Answer>>long straight, unbranched, strong but flexible, most common Elastic Fibers - Answer>>Branched and Wavy, After Stretching, they will return to their original length, contain the protein elastin Reticular Fibers - Answer>>made of same protein subunits as collagen fibers but arranged differently, thinner than collagen fibers, form branching interwoven framework in various organs Ground Substance - Answer>>clear, colorless and viscous; fills space between cells and slows pathogen movement Types of Connective Tissue Proper - Answer>>loose connective, dense connective Loose Connective Tissue - Answer>>packing materials of the body more ground substance, fewer fibers
Hyaline Cartilage - Answer>>stiff, flexible support; reduces friction between bones; found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum and trachea Elastic Cartilage - Answer>>supportive but bends easily; found in external ear and epiglottis Fibrocartilage - Answer>>limits movement; prevents bone to bone contact; pads knee joints; found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs Bone - Answer>>osseous tissue; strong (hard calcium compounds); resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers Osteocytes - Answer>>bone cells; arranged around central canals with in matrix; small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply Tissue Membranes - Answer>>physical barriers; line/cover portions of the body; consist of epithelial layer; supporting connective tissue 4 Types of Tissue Membranes - Answer>>mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial 3 Types of Muscle Tissue - Answer>>skeletal, cardiac, smooth Skeletal - Answer>>large body muschles responsible for movement Cardiac - Answer>>found only in heart Smooth - Answer>>found in walls of blood vessels, hoolow organs, around respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts
functions of Muscle Tissue - Answer>>specialized for contraction; produces all body movement Neural Tissue - Answer>>specialized for conducting electrical impulses; rapidly senses internal or external enviorment; processes info and controls responses 2 Kinds of Neural Cells - Answer>>neurons and neuroglia Neurons - Answer>>nerve cells, perform electrical communication Neuroglia - Answer>>supporting cells, repair and supply nurtrients to neurons Cell Parts of a Neuron - Answer>>cell body, dendrites, axon Cell Body - Answer>>contains the nucleous and nucleolus Dendrites - Answer>>short branches extending from the cell body, receive incoming signals Axon - Answer>>nerver fiber long thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination 2 Processes to restore homeostasis - Answer>>inflamation and regeneration Inflammation - Answer>>tissues first response to injury; signs and symptoms: swelling, heat, redness, pain Aging Tissue - Answer>>rate of tissue repair declines; cancer rates increase
