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Bio | 202 | EXAM | 3 | with | precise | detailed |
solutions
| The | lac | operon | with | the | repressor | is | inducible | and | (negatively/positively) | regulated? | - | Correct | answer | ✔negatively, | repression | must | be | removed What | will | lead | to | constitutive | (continual) | transcription | of | Z, | Y, | and | A? | - | Correct | answer | ✔Repressor | cant | bind | operator, | operator | cant | bind | repressor Gain | of | Function | Mutation | - | Correct | answer | ✔increased | or | new | protein | function | (hypermorphic | or | neomorphic) THINK | DOMINANT Loss | of | Function | Mutation | - | Correct | answer | ✔No | or | decreased | proetin | function | (null | or | neomorphic) THINK | RECESSIVE Lac | Operon | LoF | mutations | - | Correct | answer | ✔I- | (repressor | cannot | repress) Z- | (B-gal | doesn't | break | down | galactose) Y- | (permease | doesn't | let | lactose | into | cell) I^s | LoF | or | GoF? | - | Correct | answer | ✔GoF | - | represses | better | than | wildtype
Merzygote | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | strain | of | bacteria | that | is | made | diploid | by | inserting | F' | factors | (These | are | small | circular | pieces | of | DNA | - | plasmids | that | can | be | taken | up | by | bacteria) |. 7 | levels | of | gene | regulation | expression | - | Correct | answer | ✔Regulation | of:
- | chromatin | remodeling | (chromatin | to | DNA)
- | transcription | (to | pre-mRNA)
- | splicing | and | processing | (mRNA) 4.transport | (nucleus | to | ribosome)
- | degradation | of | mRNA | (cytoplasm)
- | translational | regulation
- | protein | modification | (product) Gene | X | is | made | at | a | high | level | in | one | cell | type | and | a | low | level | in | another | cell | type. | Why? | - | Correct | answer | ✔The | two | cell | types | have | a | different | set | of | transcription | factors | (activators/repressors) If | we | look | at |? | gene | in | different | cell | types, | we | will | see | the | exact | same | DNA- | including | the | promoter | and | all | its | regulatory | elements. | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | same If | we | look | at |? | in | one | cell, | we | will | see | they | have | different | DNA | sequences- | including | the | promoter | and | all | its | regulatory | elements. | - | Correct | answer | ✔two | different | genes
Two | ways | to | change | expression | of | GR | protein: | - | Correct | answer | ✔Genetic | and | epigenetic Growth | Hormone | (GH) | - | Correct | answer | ✔promotes | bone | and | muscle | growth How | is | recombinant | DNA | technology | used | to | clone | the | human | GH | gene? | 1st | step! | - | Correct | answer | ✔1. | use | PCR | to | obtain | the | gene (Simply | cutting | the | DNA | with | restriction | enzymes | would | not | be | an | effective | way | to | isolate | a | specific | gene. | The | genome | would | be | cut | into | so | many | fragments, | if | you | ran | a | gel | it | would | be | a | smear! | Which | fragment | is | yours? | You | would | need | hybridization | to | isolate | your | fragment. | Wouldn't | have | much | DNA- | not | like | the | amount | you | can | easily | get | from | PCR.) The | three | main | components | of | a | cloning | vector/plasmid | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 1 |
- | origin | of | replication | (digest | vector | and | GH) 2- | multiple | cloning | site | 3- | antibiotic | resistance Transformation | of | recombinant | DNA | - | Correct | answer | ✔introduce | recombinant | DNA | into | bacteria | so | it | replicates Steps | of | cloning | - | Correct | answer | ✔1. | Isolated | GH | gene | via | PCR | and | engineered | in | EcoR1 | sites | with | primers.
- | Ligated | GH | fragment | into | plasmid | that | is | cut | with | EcoR1 | at | multiple | cloning | site.
- | Verified | that | we | had | some | transformant | clones | with | our | GH | gene | through: | blue | white | screen | and | digest or | via | PCR T/F | cloning | vectors | can | express | a | human | vector | - | Correct | answer | ✔False | - | an | expression | vector In | the | expression | vector | which | promoter | should | be | present | to | make | the | human | GH | protein | in | bacteria?? | - | Correct | answer | ✔prokaryotic | promoter Bacterial | RNA | polymerase | will | not | recognize | a | eukaryotic | promoter. | Thus, | we | are | making | a | hybrid: | | prokaryotic | promoter | + | eukaryotic | gene | = | recombinant | DNA. How | is | GH | cDNA | different | from | GH | genomic | DNA? | - | Correct | answer | ✔it | contains | only | exons If | a | circular | piece | of | DNA | has | three | sites | for | a | particular | restriction | enzyme, | into | how | many | fragments | will | that | restriction | enzyme | cut | the | DNA? | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 3 If | a | linear | piece | of | DNA | has | three | sites | for | a | particular | restriction | enzyme, | into | how | many | fragments | will | that | restriction | enzyme | cut | the | DNA? | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 4
1/4 | ab Dihybrid | cross | - | Correct | answer | ✔9/16 | both | dominant 3/16 | one | dominant | one | recessive 3/16 | one | recessive, | one | dominant 1/16 | both | recessive The | null | hypothesis | - | Correct | answer | ✔There | is | no | significant | difference | between | the | observed | and | expected | frequencies (i.e. | any | differences | in | observed | values | can | be | attributed | to | chance) A | dihybrid | was | test-crossed. | 400 | progeny | were | counted. How | many | would | we | expect | in | each | phenotypic | category? | - | Correct | answer | ✔100:100:100: A | dihybrid | test-cross | was | performed | followed | by | a | chi-square | analysis. | The | p | value | was | less | than | 0.05. | What | does | this | mean? | It | is | likely | that... | - | Correct | answer | ✔The | two | genes | are | not | independently | assorting. Autosomal | Recessive | - | Correct | answer | ✔*look | for | children | with | unaffected | parents
- | skips | generations
- | males | and | females | equally | affected
- | rare
Autosomal | Dominnt | - | Correct | answer | ✔*MUST | have | affected | parent
- | does | NOT | skip | generations X-linked | recessive | - | Correct | answer | ✔1. | affects | more | males
- | skips | generation
- | never | have | father | to | son | transmisson
- | unaffacted | individuals | have | affected | children x-linked | dominant | - | Correct | answer | ✔1. | males | and | females | affected
- | no | father | to | son | transmission
- | an | affected | male | passes | to | all | his | daughters A | sex-linked | recessive | allele | produces | a | red-green | color-blindness | in | humans. | A | normal | woman | named | Kate | whose | father | was | color-blind | marries | a | color | blind | man | named | William. | Of | the | girls | produced | from | this | couple, | what | proportion | can | be | expected | to | be | colorblind? | - | Correct | answer | ✔1/2 | of | the | girls 2 | hetero: | incomplete | dominance | - | Correct | answer | ✔1:2:1 | phenotypic | ratio 2 | hetero: | complete | dominance | - | Correct | answer | ✔3:1 | pheno | ratio 2 | hetero: | co-dominance | - | Correct | answer | ✔1:2:1 | pheno | ratio
slide | 24 | - | Correct | answer | ✔range | of | expression | of | a | given | phenotype | (the | degree | or | intensity) Less | than |? | phenotypic | classes | indicates | gene | interaction | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 4 Mendelian | ratio | for | two | dihybrid | cross | with | no | gene | interaction | - | Correct | answer | ✔9: | both | dom 3: | one | dom 3: | one | dom 1: | both | rec Mendelian | ratio | for | two | dihybrid | cross | with | complementary | interaction | - | Correct | answer | ✔9: Mendelian | ratio | for | two | dihybrid | cross | with | dominant | gene | interaction | - | Correct | answer | ✔9:6: Mendelian | ratio | for | two | dihybrid | cross | with | recessive | epistasis | - | Correct | answer | ✔9:3: Mendelian | ratio | for | two | dihybrid | cross | with | dominant | epistasis | - | Correct | answer | ✔12:3: complementation | test | - | Correct | answer | ✔1. | Performed | by | crossing | homozygous | recessive | mutants, | and | assaying | for | their | phenotype
- | identifies | how | many | genes | are | involved | in | a | phenotype When | two | mutants | with | the | same | phenotype | are | crossed, | and | their | offspring | are | wild-type | then | they | are | said | to |? | one | another. | - | Correct | answer | ✔complement what | term | best | characterizes | catabolite | repression | associated | with | the | lac | operon | in | E. | coli? | - | Correct | answer | ✔positive | control T/F | Lactose | is | an | inducer | of | the | lac | operon | - | Correct | answer | ✔True *lactose | stimulates | transcription | of | genes | involved | in | its | metabolism What | would | be | the | effect | of | a | mutation | in | the | lacI | gene | that | prevented | the | repressor | from | binding | to | lactose? | - | Correct | answer | ✔Lactose | could | not | bind | to | repressor, | it | would | stay | bound | to | operator, | and | repress | transcription | of | lac | Z, | Y | and | A *they | would | not | be | expressed Role | of | glucose | in | catabolite | repression | - | Correct | answer | ✔- | decreases | levels | of | cAMP | preventing | CAP | i.e. | repressing | transcription I+ | - | Correct | answer | ✔wild-type | repressor
Terms | to | describe | enhancers | in | eukaryotic | gene | regulation | - | Correct | answer | ✔cis-acting variable | orientation | and | position What | are | transcription | factors? | - | Correct | answer | ✔regulatory | proteins | the | bind | to | DNA | sequences | in | promoter | elements | of | genes Chromatin | remodeling | - | Correct | answer | ✔changes | in | DNA | structure | that | changes | gene | output Promoters | - | Correct | answer | ✔DNA | sequences | that | transcription | factors | and | RNA | poly | bind | to | initiate | transcription *always | upstream | of | gene | and | within | 100 | bases | (TATA, | CAAT, | GC) enhancers | - | Correct | answer | ✔cis-acting | DNA | sequences | TF | binds | - | regulates | transcription *can | influence | more | than | one | gene | and | position | doesnt | matter T/F | Transcription | in | eukaryotes | is | generally | influenced | by | enhancers, | just | as | in | prokaryotes | - | Correct | answer | ✔False proteins | binding | to | cis-acting | sequences
Regarding | eukaryotic | and | prokaryotic | genetic | regulation, | what | process | seems | to | be | the | most | similar | between | the | two? | - | Correct | answer | ✔transcriptional | regulation There | are |? | levels | of | regulation | possible | in | prokaryotes | than | in | eukaryotes. | - | Correct | answer | ✔fewer ? | of | single | mRNA | transcripts | gives | rise | to | multiple | mRNAs. | - | Correct | answer | ✔Alternative | splicing
- | process | used | to | regulate | gene | expression | posttranscriptionally Prokaryotic | Gene | Expression | - | Correct | answer | ✔- | rapid | turnover | of | mRNA
- | translation | cna | occur | immediately | after | mRNA | is | transcribed Eukaryotic | Gene | Expression | - | Correct | answer | ✔- | chromatin | remodeling | for | expression
- | mRNAs | have | half | lives
- | DNA | transport | across | membrane
- | cis-acting | proteins | for | initiation
- | introns | must | be | spliced | out Transcriptionally |? | regions | of | the | genome | are | typically | heavily | methylated. | - | Correct | answer | ✔inactive | - | methylation | is | associated | with | decreased | transcription
Vectors | - | Correct | answer | ✔cut | DNA | at | specific | sites | and | often | yield | "sticky | " | ends | for | additional | interaction | with | DNA | molecules | cut | with | the | same | class | of | enzyme Host | Cells | - | Correct | answer | ✔cut | DNA | at | specific | sites | and | often | yield | "sticky | " | ends | for | additional | interaction | with | DNA | molecules | cut | with | the | same | class | of | enzyme Which | statement | best | explains | the | distinction | between | the | roles | that | DNA | ligase | and | restriction | enzymes | perform | in | a | DNA | cloning | experiment? | - | Correct | answer | ✔DNA | ligase | generates | the | covalent | bonds | of | the | phosphodiester | backbone, | while | restriction | enzymes | break | those | bonds. Proband | - | Correct | answer | ✔affected | individual | who | is | first | brought | to | the | attention | of | a | medical | researcher; | usually | the | pedigree | is | constructed | around | this | individual. With | incomplete | dominance, | a | likely | ratio | of | phenotypes | in | the | F2 | generation | resulting | from | a | monohybrid | cross | between | two | true-breeding | parents | would | be | - | Correct | answer | ✔1:2: multiple | alleles | - | Correct | answer | ✔The | presence | of | more | than | two | alternative | forms | of | a | given | gene bombay | phenotype | - | Correct | answer | ✔lacks | H | antigen
Complementation | analysis | is | used | to | determine | - | Correct | answer | ✔whether | two | mutations | that | produce | the | same | phenotype | reside | in | the | same | or | different | genes *If | the | mutations | reside | in | different | genes, | when | the | two | mutants | are | crossed | the | offspring | should | be | wild | type | for | that | trait. | If | the | two | mutations | reside | in | the | same | gene, | only | mutant | offspring | will | be | obtained | in | a | cross. Epistasis | - | Correct | answer | ✔A | condition | in | which | one | gene | pair | masks | the | expression | of | a | nonallelic | gene | pair Typical | ratios | resulting | from | epistatic | interactions | in | dihybrid | crosses | would | be | - | Correct | answer | ✔9:3:4, | 9: What | enzyme | can | be | used | to | synthesize | cDNA | from | an | mRNA | template? | - | Correct | answer | ✔reverse | transcriptase
