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BIO 201- Exam 1- Ch. 1 Rio Salado
Chapter 1 Principle of Complementarity - ✔✔The function of the body reflects the anatomical structures Levels of Organization that make up the human body - ✔✔1. Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organismal Chemical - ✔✔Atoms combine to form molecules Cellular - ✔✔Cells are made of molecules Tissue - ✔✔Consist of similar types of cells with a common function Organ - ✔✔Made up of different types of tissue Organ System - ✔✔Different organs that work together Organismal - ✔✔The human is made up of different types of organ systems List the 11 organ systems - ✔✔Integumentary system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Nervous System, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic system/immunity, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Male/Female Reproductive system
Integumentary system - ✔✔Hair, skin and nails. Sweat and oil glands. Synthesizes vitamin D. Protects deeper tissues from damage. Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc). Skeletal system - ✔✔Protects and supports body organs, stores minerals, provides a framework for muscles to use for movements, and blood cells are formed within bone. Muscular System - ✔✔Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, and produces heat. Nervous system - ✔✔control system of the body- responds to external and internal changes by activating the right muscles and glands. Endocrine system - ✔✔secretes hormones that regulate growth process and nutrient usage by body cells. Cardiovascular system - ✔✔pumps blood; blood vessels transport blood which contains carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. Lymphatic system - ✔✔Immunity; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debri in the lymphatic vessels, houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) for immunity. Respiratory system - ✔✔Keeps blood constantly oxygenated and removes carbon dioxide, and gaseous exchanges occur in the walls of air sacs within the lungs. Digestive System - ✔✔Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Urinary System - ✔✔Eliminates nitrogenous waste from body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Reproductive System - ✔✔Production of offspring
Appendicular - ✔✔Limbs (appendages) attached to body's axis Superior (cranial) - ✔✔Above; towards head or upper part of body Inferior (caudal) - ✔✔Towards lower part of body; below Ventral (anterior) - ✔✔Toward of at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior) - ✔✔Back of the body; behind Medial - ✔✔at or towards midline of body; on the inner side of Lateral - ✔✔away from midline; on the outer side of Intermediate - ✔✔between a more lateral and more medial structure Proximal - ✔✔closer to point of attachment to body Distal - ✔✔farther from point of attachment to the body Deep - ✔✔more internal Median (midsaggital) plane - ✔✔lays exactly in the midline of the body Transverse plane - ✔✔runs horizontally from right to left; divides body into superior and inferior Front plane - ✔✔Runs vertically, but divides body into anterior and posterior
Right hypochondriac region - ✔✔Liver and gallbladder Epigastric region - ✔✔Stomach Left hypochondriac region - ✔✔Diaphragm Right lumbar region - ✔✔ascending colon of large intestine umbilical region - ✔✔Small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine Left lumbar region - ✔✔descending colon of large intestine right iliac region - ✔✔cecum hypogastric (pubic) region - ✔✔appendix and urinary bladder Left iliac region - ✔✔initial part of sigmoid colon RUQ - ✔✔Liver, gallbladder, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal gland, duodenum LUQ - ✔✔Stomach, spleen, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, RLQ - ✔✔Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right ovary, right ureter. LLQ - ✔✔descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary, left ureter *Chapter 2 and 3 * - ✔✔The main part of the cell is called the NUCLEUS. This is
The basal and reticular lamina form to create the basement membrane which helps keep the epithelial from tearing or stretching outside of epithelial boundaries.
- Avascular but innervated - ✔✔No blood vessels, but the epithelial tissue is innervated which means it is supplied by nerve fibers).
- Regeneration - ✔✔Highest generation capacity Simplified Epithelia - ✔✔Single cell layer- found where absorption and filtration occur- thin layer is most desired Stratified epithelia - ✔✔one or more cell layers stacked on top of each other in areas of high abrasion where protection is most important (ex. lining of mouth and skin surface) 3 shapes of epithelial cells - ✔✔squamous, cuboidal and columnar Simple Squamous - ✔✔flat and scalelike- close fitting (looks like tiled floor), line the kidneys and lungs where gaseous exchange in high amounts occurs Two types of simple squamous - ✔✔Endothelium- inner lining produces slick lining to reduce friction in lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and the heart. Capillaries contain only endothelium- the thin lining helps in exchange of nutrients and waste between bloodstream and surrounding tissue cells. Mesothelium- found in serous membranes lining ventral body cavity and covering its organs. Simple Cuboidal - ✔✔single cell layer- secretion and absorption- forms walls of many kidney tubules and smallest ducts of glands. Looks like beads under a microscope. Simple Columnar - ✔✔single cell layer- oval nuclei- may contain mucus- secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells). propels mucus by ciliary action. lines digestive tract, gallbladder, some excretion ducts of glands, the ciliated parts line the small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - ✔✔single cell layer- nuclei seen at different levels, may contain goblet cells and bear cilia. secretion of mucus. Non ciliated forms Found in males sperm carrying ducts, Stratified squamous epithelium - ✔✔MULTIPLE layers of cells (only one)- very thick- superficial layer- protects underlying tissues and is subjected to abrasion- nonkeratinized lines esophagus, mouth and vagina, and keratinized forms epidermis (dry membrane). Transitional epithelium - ✔✔stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra. Endocrine versus Exocrine - ✔✔Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones. Exocrine glands are numerous and secrete products on skin surface. There is unicellular and multicellular exocrine glands. unicellular example is goblet cells. Multicellular are more complex and is divided into two parts by supporting connective tissue that forms a fibrous capsule that extends in the gland proper and the gland into lobes. Connective Tissue - ✔✔found everywhere in the body. most abundant. its levels differ for different locations in the body. Ex. skin has a lot, brain has hardly any of it. 4 main classes of connective tissue - ✔✔1. Connective tissue proper (fat, and fibrous tissue of ligaments)
- Cartilage
- Bone tissue
- Blood 3 Characteristics of Connective Tissue - ✔✔1. Common origin
- Degrees of vascularity
- Extracellular matrix Common Origin - ✔✔All connective tissues arise from mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) and hence have a common kinship.
Areolar Function - ✔✔Wraps and cushions organs, macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, and holds and conveys tissue fluid. Surrounds capillaries. Adipose - ✔✔"Fat" tissue, matrix is sparse, closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), and has nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Adipose Function and location - ✔✔provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss and supports and protects organs. Located under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within the abdomen and in breasts. Reticular CT - ✔✔Network of reticular fibers in typical loose ground substance. Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types (WBC, mast cells and macrophages). Located in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Dense Regular CT - ✔✔parallel collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, major cell type is the fibroblast (which synthesizes extracellular matrix and aids in healing wounds, primitive). Attaches muscles to bone or to muscle, attaches bones to bones. Location is: tendons, most ligaments. Dense Irregular CT - ✔✔Irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, major cell type is fibroblast. Able to withstand tension in any direction and provides structural strength. Located in dermis of the skin, sub mucosa of digestive tract, and fibrous capsules of organs and joints. Cartilage- 3 types - ✔✔Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage Most dominant cell type found in cartilage - ✔✔Chondroblasts- produce new matrix until the skeleton stops growing at end of adolescence. Hyaline - ✔✔" Gristle"- most abundant type of cartilage in the body. Appearance is glassy. Collagen fibers form an imperceptible network. has resilient cushion properties. Resists compressive stress. Forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of ribs; cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx.
Elastic - ✔✔similar to hyaline- but has more elastic fibers. maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility. Supports external ear (pinna) as well as epiglottis. Fibrocartilage - ✔✔similar matrix to hyaline but less firm; thick collagen fibers. ability to absorb compressive shock. Located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and disc of knee joint. Bone (Osseous Tissue) - ✔✔Very well vascularized, osteocytes lie in the lacunae (gap in the matrix) and it is hard and calcified. Supports and protects. Stores calcium and other minerals, as well as fats. Marrow is site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) Blood - ✔✔Red and WBC in fluid matrix (plasma), Transport of respiratory gases, wastes and other substances. Contained within blood vessels. Nervous Tissue - ✔✔Transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors (muscles and glands) which control activity. Located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Muscle Tissue - ✔✔
