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The BIO 181 Final Exam for 2025 at Arizona State University provides a comprehensive set of questions and answers that cover the essential topics taught in the course, making it an invaluable resource for students preparing for their finals. This document is verified, contains the latest version of the exam, and has been graded A+, ensuring accuracy and relevance for students aiming for success. The exam delves into fundamental biological concepts such as the elements crucial for life, including carbon and silicon. It explores the properties of fatty acids, the nature of covalent bonds, and the characteristics of polar molecules like water. It also covers the significance of DNA in storing and transmitting genetic information, the process of replication, and the base pairing rules in nucleic acids.
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Which other element (besides carbon) is often suggested as having the potential for life? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Silicon All things being equal, which fatty acid will have a lower melting point? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Short chain fatty acid Which type of molecular interaction is strongest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Covalent bonds Water is a ___ molecule ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Polar molecule A low pH is typical of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Acids What element is called the backbone of life? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Carbon
This amino acid is capable of forming disulfide bridges ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Cysteine The name of a conceptual model for enzyme action ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Lock and Key Induced fit This is the start codon in mRNA ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------AUG Which type of mutation would most likely have the least effect on the gene of interest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Synonymous mutation What is the probability of a child having the same PHENOTYPE as the FIRST parent: AaBb x AA BB ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------100% What is the probability of a child having the same GENOTYPE as the FIRST parent: AaBb x AABB ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1/
DNA is most important for ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Storing genetic information Transmitting genetic information Replication is the process of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------DNA copying itself If the guanine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 40% what is the cytosine content? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------40% If the cytosine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 30% what is the adenine content? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------20% Chromatin is composed of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Histones and DNA Which one of the following nucleotides hydrogen base pairs with adenine in an RNA molecule? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Uracil
16% of the nucleotides are adenine. What are the percentages of the other nucleotides? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------16% thymidine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine The strands in a DNA molecule are ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Antiparallel Complimentary The original molecule of life may have been ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
The process by which mRNA is expressed as a chain of amino acids is called --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Translation Where does translation take place in eukaryotes ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Cytosol A B-Sheet is an example of which level of protein structure ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Secondary The nucleic acid structure that "fetches" the amino acids into the ribosome is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------tRNA The stage of meiosis where "crossing over" occurs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------Prophase 1 A mutation that you could pass on to your offspring would occur in the ___ cells -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Germ cells Most mutations that occur in our genomes are... ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Neutral
Which type of mutation would most likely have dramatic effects on the gene of interest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation What is the probability of a child having the same phenotype as the first parent: AaBbcc x aabbCC ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 0 p^2+2pq+q^2 gives ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hardy Weinberg equilibrium frequencies Which is an example of heterozygote advantage? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Sickle sell trait Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to work? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pH of inter membrane space must be lower than that of the matrix There must be a difference in concentration of H+ ions
NADH and FADH2 ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------NADH and FADH The step of cellular respiration that results in the biggest direct payoff of ATP is --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The electron transport chain In the absence of oxygen this is the route taken by the cell to generate ATP --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Glycolysis Fermentation Cell membranes are ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Dynamic and exist in a fluid state Important in maintaining the internal environment of cells Composed of lipid bi-layers Embedded with transmembrane proteins This type of organism does not have a nucleus ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Prokaryote
This type of organism has its DNA organized into an operon- with multiple genes co-transcribed ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Prokaryotes Chloroplasts Mitochondria This organelle is the primary sorting location for proteins bound for other places in the cell ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Golgi apparatus Which six elements are the most important for the survival of life? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C, H, N, O, P, S The shared biochemistry of all life is among the evidence for ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Shared common descent of all life on earth The bacterial community in our bodies is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----The microbiome
Which type of phylogenetic group can pass the 'scissor test' ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Monophyletic What can be used to help construct a phylogeny ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Anatomical features Molecular features Physiological features The idea that the 'ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny' (development repeats evolutionary history) ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Is an interesting idea, but has been disproven for the most part In the developmental gene heirarchy, which genes work first ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Maternal-effect genes Which genes specify a body part of each segment through transcriptional regulation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hox genes
During development, early expressed genes control the ___ of genes that are expressed later ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Transcription The mutant fly with an extra pair of wings instead of halteres is probably caused by ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hox gene mutation SHFM (Ectrodactyly) has been found to result from mutation in the gene DLX which is most likely ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A hox gene When sperm and egg first join to form zygote, the first cell is - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------totipotent The gastrula has ___ layers ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 3 By successfully producing 10 cloned frogs from somatic cells, gurton proved that - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Gene regulation explains development Mouse Pax-6 gene caused fly eyes to crow (similar to fly pax-6) because pax-6 is a ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Highly conserved transcription factor
A physical character that is similar between two species due to convergent evolution ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Analogous character The different songs and mutual unattractiveness of eastern and western meadowlarks is an example of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Pre-zygotic barrier The most recent human common ancestor was approximately ___ years ago ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------200, During DNA replication, which strand has Okazaki fragments? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lagging strand Which element would likely have similar reactivity to chlorine gas? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bromine I-P-O+Z-Y+ in the presence of lactose ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Neither Z not Y would be expressed
A PCR reaction requires: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Template DNA, DNA polymerase, All 4 nucleotides, primers