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BIO-169 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE
questions with correct answers
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. - ✔✔ENDOCRINE ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. - ✔✔HORMONES The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems. - ✔✔endocrine; nervous The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is - ✔✔ADH Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the - ✔✔thyroid gland The adrenal medulla produces the hormones - ✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the - ✔✔cortex. The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is - ✔✔insulin. Melatonin is produced by the - ✔✔pineal gland Two hormones that have opposing effects are called - ✔✔antagonists Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells? - ✔✔erythropoietin
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the - ✔✔hematocrit. Plasma is closest in ionic composition to - ✔✔interstitial fluid. Which blood type consists of plasma containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies? - ✔✔type O Compared to arteries, veins - ✔✔have thinner walls Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? - ✔✔tunica intima The superior vena cava collect blood from the - ✔✔head, chest, and upper limbs. Submit The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the - ✔✔median cubital vein. An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery. - ✔✔internal carotid ________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation. - ✔✔Systole; diastole Stroke volume depends on all of the following except - ✔✔cardiac output. Where is blood pressure highest? - ✔✔artery Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased - ✔✔parasympathetic innervation. To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body - ✔✔All of the answers are correct.
The openings to the nostrils are the - ✔✔external nares. Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because - ✔✔it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? - ✔✔It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages. Air traveling from the segmental bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule. - ✔✔terminal bronchioles Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is - ✔✔bound to hemoglobin All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that - ✔✔it can convert carbonic acid into O2. The neonatal period extends - ✔✔for the first month of life The developmental period heralded by the onset of puberty is known as - ✔✔adolescence. A zygote whose genotype is XY will develop as a - ✔✔male Trisomy 21 is the clinical term for - ✔✔Down syndrome What is the function of gonads? - ✔✔produce gametes and produce hormones The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization. - ✔✔acrosomal cap
The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the - ✔✔corpora cavernosa Testosterone is secreted by the - ✔✔interstitial cells Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the - ✔✔uterine tube. The main portion of the uterus is called the - ✔✔body. The clitoris - ✔✔contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. ________ are the organs of milk production. - ✔✔Mammary glands The breasts are attached to the chest superficial to the ________ muscle. - ✔✔pectoralis major The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers - ✔✔ovulation. Secondary sexual characteristics - ✔✔may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen. "Natural family planning" is an alternative term for which form of birth control? - ✔✔the rhythm method Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? - ✔✔ADH The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by - ✔✔aldosterone. ________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. - ✔✔The respiratory system
Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the - ✔✔nephron loop. The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except - ✔✔the release of natriuretic peptides. Which of the tubules is impermeable to water? - ✔✔ascending limb of the nephron loop The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed - ✔✔renal failure. The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
- ✔✔trigone. The detrusor muscle - ✔✔compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? - ✔✔the external urethral sphincter In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine? - ✔✔micturition The inability to urinate is termed - ✔✔urinary retention. The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called - ✔✔metabolism. Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? - ✔✔creation of essential amino acids When chyme arrives in the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) release triggers the secretion of which enzyme? - ✔✔pancreatic alpha-amylase
Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis. - ✔✔There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule. ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. - ✔✔High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the - ✔✔chylomicrons. The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
- ✔✔D. Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy? - ✔✔C The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin - ✔✔K. An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia? - ✔✔B12 (cobalamin) Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of - ✔✔vitamin A. The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the - ✔✔hypothalamus Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact? - ✔✔conduction The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels. - ✔✔mesentery
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. - ✔✔hormones; neurotransmitters Which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response? - ✔✔thymus Which endocrine structure synthesizes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction? - ✔✔hypothalamus The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the - ✔✔hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by - ✔✔secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. The posterior pituitary gland secretes - ✔✔ADH. The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except - ✔✔is responsive to osmoreceptors. The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is - ✔✔FSH. The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is - ✔✔ACTH. Which anterior pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females and stimulates sex hormone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in males? - ✔✔luteinizing hormone (LH) Somatomedins __________. - ✔✔stimulate tissue growth by increasing amino acid uptake
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is - ✔✔CALCITONIN The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is - ✔✔PARATHYROID HORMONE A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is - ✔✔ALDOSTERONE Activation of the renin-angiotensin system stimulates secretion of which adrenal gland hormone? - ✔✔MINERALOCORTICOID The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar. - ✔✔INSULIN & LOWERS Which is a function of melatonin in humans? - ✔✔SETS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS The term used to describe excess production of urine is - ✔✔POLYURIA The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of - ✔✔ANGIOTENSIN I If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? - ✔✔BOTH AN INCREASE OF INSULIN & AN INCREASE OF BLOOD GLUCOSE An excess of which hormone can lead to acromegaly? - ✔✔ 6 Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except - ✔✔VISCOSITY ABOUT THE SAME AS WATER Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood? - ✔✔GENERATES BODY TEMP. Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? - ✔✔LIVER
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs? - ✔✔left atrium The cavity that contains only the heart is the - ✔✔pericardial cavity. The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium. - ✔✔endocardium There are ________ pulmonary veins. - ✔✔ 4 Coronary veins empty into the - ✔✔right atrium The left ventricle pumps blood to the - ✔✔aorta Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the - ✔✔pulmonary valve Which pathology is described as a thickening and toughening of arterial walls? - ✔✔arteriosclerosis The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. - ✔✔aortic The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with - ✔✔closing of the mitral valve. The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from - ✔✔depolarization of the atria. Submit The heart is innervated by ________ nerves. - ✔✔both parasympathetic and sympathetic ________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate. - ✔✔Bradycardia; tachycardia
Cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except - ✔✔decreasing ejection fraction. Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the - ✔✔right atrium. Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except - ✔✔vasodilation. The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the - ✔✔concentration of plasma proteins. Natriuretic peptide release by the heart __________. - ✔✔results in increased sodium loss in urine Angiogenesis refers to - ✔✔the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. Identify the largest artery in the body. (Module 19.16A) - ✔✔aorta A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) - ✔✔antigen. Which lymph node structure is dominated by T cells? - ✔✔paracortex Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. - ✔✔naturally acquired passive T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of - ✔✔B cells. Rheumatoid arthritis: - ✔✔is an autoimmune disorder. The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the - ✔✔lower respiratory tract.
________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. - ✔✔Incisors The crown of a tooth is covered by - ✔✔enamel. Ascites, the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, would not be caused by - ✔✔dehydration. What is the falciform ligament? (Module 22.9A) - ✔✔remnant of the ventral mesentery between the liver and the anterior wall of the peritoneal cavity Aggregated lymphoid nodules are characteristic of the - ✔✔ileum. The cecum and the vermiform appendix are physically located in the - ✔✔right inguinal region. An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is - ✔✔cholecystokinin. Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called - ✔✔mass movements. Haustra are - ✔✔expansible pouches of the colon. The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar. - ✔✔parotid What is the function of the gallbladder? (Module 22.20D) - ✔✔store and concentrate bile The ________ is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. - ✔✔common bile duct
How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system? - ✔✔through the hepatic portal vein Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B) - ✔✔in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum Urea is formed in the - ✔✔liver. The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is - ✔✔thiamine. Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in - ✔✔vitamin B3 (niacin). Which type of nephron is essential for water conservation and concentrated urine production? (Module 24.3C) - ✔✔juxtamedullary nephrons The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the - ✔✔renal corpuscle. Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. - ✔✔renin Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? - ✔✔chronic renal failure Urine is transported by the ________, stored within the ________, and eliminated through the ________. (Module 24.16A) - ✔✔ureters; urinary bladder; urethra What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A) - ✔✔dysuria Intracellular fluid is found only within - ✔✔the cells of the body.
