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Urinary System Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Biology

Northern Virginia Community CollegeBiology

A series of multiple-choice questions and answers related to the urinary system, specifically focusing on the functions of the kidneys, nephrons, and the process of urine formation. It covers topics such as tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration, acid-base balance, and the roles of various hormones like adh and aldosterone. The questions are designed to test understanding of the physiological processes involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. This material is suitable for students studying anatomy, physiology, or related health sciences.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/08/2025

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BIO 142 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
1) What type of tissue line the PCT?
1. Simple columnar epithelium
2. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
3. Simple cuboidal epithelium -- Answer ✔✔ 3. Simple cuboidal epithelium
2) When full, the urinary bladder exhibits a(n) _____ shape
1. upside-down pyramid
2. oval
3. square -- Answer ✔✔ 2. oval
3) With the release of the hormone called ______, urine volume can be as little as
about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow win color -- Answer
✔✔ ADH
4) In the ________, 60-80% of the potassium in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed --
Answer ✔✔ PCT
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BIO 142 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE

SOLUTIONS

  1. What type of tissue line the PCT?
  1. Simple columnar epithelium
  2. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  3. Simple cuboidal epithelium -- Answer ✔✔ 3. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  1. When full, the urinary bladder exhibits a(n) _____ shape
  1. upside-down pyramid
  2. oval
  3. square -- Answer ✔✔ 2. oval
  1. With the release of the hormone called ______, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow win color -- Answer ✔✔ ADH
  2. In the ________, 60-80% of the potassium in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed -- Answer ✔✔ PCT
  1. Approximately 10 to 20% of the K+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the: -- Answer ✔✔ nephron loop ascending limb
  2. the outer layer of the urinary bladder is called the ______ and is composed of areolar connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ adventitia
  3. When the urine is extremely dilute and appears a light pale color, a decrease in the release of ___ is evident -- Answer ✔✔ ADH
  4. The female urethra has (#) function(s) and is about (#) centimeters long -- Answer ✔✔ 1, 4
  5. The kidneys are located along the (anterior/posterior) abdominal wall -- Answer ✔✔ posterior
  6. Water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called _________ -- Answer ✔✔ aquaporins
  7. the major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______ -- Answer ✔✔ pelvis
  8. The lamina propria is composed of a fairly thick layer of ______ ______ connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ dense areolar
  9. Under normal circumstances, urine does not contain which of the following? (multiple answers)
  1. Red blood cells
  1. When we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of the urine becomes more (basic/acidic) -- Answer ✔✔ acidic
  2. What are the two types of nephrons? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Cortical nephrons
  1. Juxtamedullary nephrons
  1. Conditions of extreme dehydration result in subsequent high concentration of _____ in the blood -- Answer ✔✔ ADH
  2. In the kidneys, water movement occurs by _______ -- Answer ✔✔ osmosis
  3. In the thick segment of nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10% to 20% of what ion in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed? -- Answer ✔✔ K+
  4. The kidneys aid in acid-base balance by altering the rate of reabsorption of which two things? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. bicarbonate
  1. hydrogen
  1. Which of the following substances are completely reabsorbed under healthy conditions?
  • Glucose
  • Lactate
  • Filtered plasma proteins
  • Sodium ions
  • Calcium ions
  • Amino Acids
  • Hydrogen ions -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Glucose
  1. Lactate
  2. Filtered plasma proteins
  3. Amino acids
  1. The filtration slits between the ________ permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space -- Answer ✔✔ pedicels
  2. The adventitia of the ureter is formed from ______ connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ areolar
  3. To calculate GFR, use the formula: -- Answer ✔✔ UV/P
  4. The average specific gravity of urine is slightly (higher/lower) than the specific gravity water -- Answer ✔✔ Higher
  5. The body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Albumin
  • Urea
  • Globulin -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Uric acid
  1. Creatinine
  2. Urea
  1. Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?

b. Juxtacortical c. Juxtamedullary -- Answer ✔✔ c. Juxtamedullary

  1. Which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?
  • Water
  • Amino acids
  • Glucose
  • Na+
  • Ca2+
  • K+ -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Water
  1. Na+
  2. Ca2+
  3. K+
  1. Blood ______ _____ pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular spacce -- Answer ✔✔ colloid osmotic
  2. The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is controlled by _______ and natriuretic peptide hormones in the DCT, CT, and CD -- Answer ✔✔ aldosterone
  3. Filtrate is produced due to the difference between _________ pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space -- Answer ✔✔ hydrostatic
  4. Which of the following happens first?
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Filtration
  • Tubular secretion -- Answer ✔✔ Filtration
  1. Most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus. Select the proteins that are freely filtered there.
  • Angiotensin
  • Growth hormone
  • Globulin
  • Insulin
  • Fibrinogen -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Angiotensin
  1. Insulin
  1. The muscularis of the bladder consists of three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the _______ muscle -- Answer ✔✔ detrusor
  2. In males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the ______ and directly superior to the ______ gland. -- Answer ✔✔ rectum, prostate
  3. The maximum plasma concentration of a substance that be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the: -- Answer ✔✔ renall threshold
  4. The segmental arteries that branch to form the ____ arteries that travel through the renal columns a. glomerular b. arcuate
  1. Efferent Arteriole
  1. The granular cells of the JGA, synthesize, store and release _____ -- Answer ✔✔ renin
  2. The movement of water out of the proximal convoluted tubule follows Na+ by osmosis and is referred to as: -- Answer ✔✔ obligatory water reabsorption
  3. In the ______ reflex, the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated so that urine is retained within the bladder -- Answer ✔✔ storage
  4. The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the _______ pole -- Answer ✔✔ tubular
  5. The renal corpuscle has a thick tangle or capillaries called the ______ -- Answer ✔✔ glomerulus
  6. Measuring renal plasma clearance of ______ avoids the need to inject insulin into the patient's blood -- Answer ✔✔ creatinine
  7. The ______ urethra is the shortest segment of the male urethra -- Answer ✔✔ membranous
  8. The _____ limb of the nephron loop actively pumps salt out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid -- Answer ✔✔ ascending
  1. Which type of nephron has relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla? -- Answer ✔✔ cortical
  2. In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called ______ that allow for even greater distension -- Answer ✔✔ rugae
  3. Ureters enter to posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the ______ openings -- Answer ✔✔ ureteral
  4. If an individual does not urinate at the time of the first micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle relaxes as a consequence of the "_________ ________ ________" of smooth muscle -- Answer ✔✔ stress-relaxation response
  5. Sympathetic stimulation will result in (vasoconstriction/vasodilation) of the afferent arteriole which will greatly (decrease/increase) glomerular blood pressure and GFR -- Answer ✔✔ vasoconstriction, increase
  6. What two structures are responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. nephron loop
  1. vasa recta
  1. The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the (urinary bladder mucosa/detrusor muscle) and is controlled by the (conscious mind/ANS) -- Answer ✔✔ detrusor muscle, ANS
  2. The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla -- Answer ✔✔ arcuate
  1. The ______ _____ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across the tubule epithelium in a given period of time -- Answer ✔✔ transport maximum
  2. Aldosterone stimulates the secretion of (ion), while _____ and _____ are reabsorbed -- Answer ✔✔ K+, Na+, H
  3. What hormone is released from the atria in response to distention of these chambers? -- Answer ✔✔ atrial natriuretic peptide
  4. "Countercurrent" of the countercurrent exchange system refers to the blood in the _____ _____ that travels in the opposite direction to the tubular fluid within the adjacent nephron loop -- Answer ✔✔ vasa recta
  5. Approximately (#) liters of water is filtered daily through the kidneys -- Answer ✔✔ 180
  6. The amount of Na+ reabsorbed from the tubular fluid can vary from (#) to (#) % -- Answer ✔✔ 98 to 100%
  7. A specific gravity value of urine above 1.020 indicates relative (hydration/dehydration) -- Answer ✔✔ dehydration
  8. ____ ____ is the nitrogenous waste produced from nucleic acid breakdown -- Answer ✔✔ uric acid
  1. An individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the abdominal muscles as part of the _________ maneuver -- Answer ✔✔ valsalva
  2. The ureters project through the urinary bladder wall: a. obliquely b. inferiorly c. horizontally d. superiorly -- Answer ✔✔ a. obliquely
  3. What are the two main treatments for kidney failure? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Dialysis
  1. Kidney transplant
  1. Sympathetic stimulation can result in a(n) (increase/decrease) in GFR through vasoconstriction -- Answer ✔✔ decrease
  2. As net filtration pressure increase, the GFR (doesn't change/decreases/increases) -- Answer ✔✔ increases
  3. The ____ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered, while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements a. visceral layer of glomerular capsule b. basement membrane of glomerulus c. endothelium of glomerulus -- Answer ✔✔ c. endothelium of glomerulus
  1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the _____ ____ it contains -- Answer ✔✔ dissolved solutes
  2. The maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the _____ _____ -- Answer ✔✔ renal threshold
  3. Tubular secretion is the ____ of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid a. diffusion b. active transport c. passive transport d. osmosis -- Answer ✔✔ b. active transport
  4. Approximately 60% of the Ca2+ in the blood becomes part of the filtrate while the remainder of the Ca2+ is bound to ______ in the blood and is prevented from being filtered -- Answer ✔✔ protein
  5. _______ ions move freely across the filtration membrane of the nephron -- Answer ✔✔ Bicarbonate
  6. The _____ ____ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells -- Answer ✔✔ macula densa
  7. Urea is "cycled" between the _____ and the ______, contributing to its concentration gradient -- Answer ✔✔ collecting duct, nephron loop
  1. The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is controlled by _____ and ______ in the DCT, CT and CD -- Answer ✔✔ aldosterone and natriuretic peptide hormones
  2. The ______ is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with tall, apical microvilli for maximum surface area and reabsorption capacity -- Answer ✔✔ PCT
  3. Granular or juxtaglomerular cells are modified ____ _____ cells -- Answer ✔✔ smooth muscle
  4. Salt is retained within the tubular fluid until it moves into where in the countercurrent exchange system? -- Answer ✔✔ ascending limb of the nephron loop
  5. The amount of Ca2+ and PO4(3-) excreted in urine is regulated by _____ -- Answer ✔✔ PTH
  6. The _____ is formed by imaginary lines connecting two ureter openings and the urethral opening -- Answer ✔✔ trigone
  7. Na+ concentration is relatively (high/low) inside the tubule cell and relatively (high/low) within both the tubule lumen and interstitial fluid -- Answer ✔✔ low, high
  8. ___ and _____ are both reabsorbed and secreted -- Answer ✔✔ urea and uric acid
  • K+ -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Cl-
  1. Na+
  2. Ca2+
  1. This anion is a common buffer in urine and an important intracellular buffer against pH changes. -- Answer ✔✔ phosphate
  2. what are two types of fluid imbalances? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. volume depletion
  1. volume excess
  1. Fluid imbalances with constant osmolarity happen when _____ fluid is lost or gained -- Answer ✔✔ isotonic
  2. If water loss is greater than solute loss then the blood plasma becomes (hypotonic/hypertonic) -- Answer ✔✔ hypertonic
  3. _____ is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity -- Answer ✔✔ Ascites
  4. An increase in blood pressure inhibits renal secretion of the hormone ______ which in turn inhibits thirst -- Answer ✔✔ renin
  5. An increase in which of the following would ultimately or directly result in a decrease in fluid output by the kidneys?
  • ADH
  • PTH
  • ANP
  • Renin
  • Aldosterone -- Answer ✔✔ 1. ADH
  1. Renin
  2. Aldosterone
  1. In response to increased blood osmolarity, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated to release more _____ hormone -- Answer ✔✔ ADH
  2. Which of the following are considered fixed acids?
  • Lactic acid
  • Carbonic acid
  • Ketoacid
  • Carbon dioxide -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Lactic acid
  1. Ketoacid
  1. Metabolic alkalosis is caused by abnormally high levels of ______ ions -- Answer ✔✔ bicarbonate
  2. Metabolic acids which are derived from metabolic wastes are more commonly referred to as ____ acids -- Answer ✔✔ fixed
  3. Metabolic acidosis occurs when arterial blood levels of: a. carbonic acid fall below normal b. carbonic acid rise above normal c. bicarbonate ion fall below normal