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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in cell division and genetics, including mitosis, meiosis, and basic principles of inheritance. It presents a series of questions and answers covering topics such as the stages of mitosis and meiosis, the role of chromosomes in cell division, and the mechanisms of inheritance. Suitable for students studying biology at the university level.
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Mitosis ✔✔division of a cell nucleus in which the chromosomes number stays the same
Mitosis purpose ✔✔increase cell number during growth, development and repair
Cytokinesis ✔✔division of cytoplasm
sister chromatids ✔✔duplicates of an original chromosome
centromere region ✔✔whats holding chromatids together
spindle ✔✔football shaped structure composed of microtubules. involved in moving chromosomes during cell division
centrioles ✔✔form the poles in animal cells
asters ✔✔made of short microtubules that radiate from centrioles in animal cells
cell plate ✔✔produces cytokinesis in plant cells and is the beginning of a new cell well
cleavage furrow ✔✔constriction that produces cytokinesis in animal cells
interphase ✔✔in animal cells, the centrioles are duplicated herer
G1 phase ✔✔period of cell growth in interphase
S phase ✔✔period of growth and duplication of chromosomes and DNA
G2 phase ✔✔period of growth before mitosis
prophase ✔✔-chromosomes become visable due to coiling and compaction of chromosome fibers
meiosis purpose ✔✔reduce the chromosomes by half in eukaryotes to make sexuality possible
mitosis specifics ✔✔- one division
meiosis specifics ✔✔- two divisions
homologous chromosomes ✔✔chromosomes that are the same size and shape and their genes control the same inherited character
diploid (2n) ✔✔having 2 sets of chromosomes
haploid (n) ✔✔having 1 set of chromosomes
synapsis ✔✔paring of homologous chromosomes
crossing over ✔✔exchange of chromatid parts between homologous chromosomes
meiosis occurs ✔✔in the gonads in animals (testes - male, ovaries - female)
gametes ✔✔sex cells (sperm and eggs)
spermatogenesis ✔✔male
primary spermatocyte ✔✔
secondary spermatocyte ✔✔
spermatid ✔✔
secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm, secondary oocyte, polar bodies, ootid, ovum (egg) ✔✔haploid
allele ✔✔alternative form of a gene
heterozygous ✔✔two alleles controlling a character are the same
dominant allele ✔✔expressed in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions
recessive allele ✔✔expressed only in homozygous condition
genotype ✔✔genetic composition of an individual
phenotype ✔✔appearance of an individual
hybrid ✔✔offspring of two different genotypes
monohybrid cross ✔✔one character is followed from one generation to another
dihybrid cross ✔✔two characters are followed from one generation to another
sex-linked genes ✔✔genes inherited on the sex chromosomes (X and Y)
carrier ✔✔females who are heterozygous for a sex linked gene
hemizygous ✔✔males who can have only one allele for a sex linked gene
segregation ✔✔members of a pair of alleles separate and go into different gametes
independent assortment ✔✔separation and distribution of one pair of allele is independent of the separation and distribution of any other pair of alleles
deviation ✔✔observed - expected =
incomplete dominance ✔✔red flower + white flower = pink flower
tRNA ✔✔RNA molecule that is attached to an amino acid and contains anticodon for amino acids
isolated DNA ✔✔strawberry juice - white clump
how restriction enzymes affect DNA ✔✔cuts the sugar-phosphate backbones at random places creating fragments
gel electrophoresis ✔✔process by which you can separate DNA fragments using an electrical field