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Bio 126 Final NKU Exam
Latest Update
Which of the following is NOT listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel for packaged foods? - Answer %DV from sugar
calorie calculations - Answer - carbs 1g= 4 calories
-protein 1g= 4 calories
-fat 1g= 9 calories
-alcohol 1g= 7 calories
In vivo experiment - Answer performed in living animals
in vitro experiment - Answer bacteria, human or cell culture studied in lab
human intervention/clinical trials - Answer researchers ask people to adopt a new behavior to determine the effectiveness of such interventions on the development/prevention of disease
cross-sectional study - Answer A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time. (dot plot)
A ___________________ trial is a type of human intervention study in a real-life situation under less controlled conditions than a RCT. - Answer pragmatic
What is a belief? - Answer Trust, faith or confidence in something
Why are beliefs so hard to change? - Answer - People have confirmation bias
- People have disconfirmation bias
- Evolutionarily, sharing beliefs meant survival
- Social norms make it difficult to believe differently from others
Confirmation Bias - Answer a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
disconfirmation bias - Answer tendency to seek out evidence inconsistent with a hypothesis we don't believe, and neglect information consistent with it
Type 1 error - Answer false positive
type 2 error - Answer false negative
Which food(s) is/are evolutionarily new to the human diet (within the past 10,000 years)?
- Answer - Grains and legumes
- Vegetable oils
Weston Price was a nutrition scientist who studied plant-based diets for human health. - Answer False (Weston Price was a dentist who observed superior health in populations following their traditional diets)
NOT a change associated with the advent of agriculture? - Answer People grew taller and their brains grew larger
Food processing (Prehistoric) - Answer various types of cooking
food processing (19th century) - Answer tinning and canning
food processing (20th century) - Answer refrigeration and milling
food processing (21st century) - Answer highly processed manufacturing
drawbacks of food processing - Answer - Reduced levels of certain nutrients
- Damage to ingredients by heat, pressure, and chemicals
- Addition of potentially harmful preservatives
anatomy - Answer study of structure
Physiology - Answer Study of function
Addition of potentially harmful preservatives - Answer 2 million years ago, when our genus Homo arose with the first primates to stand upright
Which of the following regarding the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is TRUE? - Answer Upper limits (UL) are usually only reached with supplementation and are unlikely to be consumed with a whole food-based diet
Which of the following is NOT a role of protein and amino acids in the body? - Answer - Structural roles like muscle and connective tissue
- Precursors for some hormones and neurotransmitters
- Immune components like antibodies
One (1) cup of orange pieces contains contains 40mg of vitamin C and 75kcal whereas one (1) cup of orange juice contains 20mg of vitamin C and 120kcal. One (1) cup of orange pieces is therefore more _______________ than orange juice. - Answer nutrient dense
fatty acids - Answer Three fatty acids are bound to glycerol in the storage form, triglycerides
ketoacidosis - Answer Metabolic state in which ketone bodies accumulate above normal levels to dangerously acidify the blood
Which type of research study is the least similar to real life situations and thus is the most difficult to translate to human diets? - Answer In vitro experiments
Which of the following is NOT a commonality of all traditional/ancestral diets? - Answer Contains foods high in fiber and low in fat and cholesterol.
Fermented foods are those that are acted on by microbes, like bacteria, and are thus rotten and not fit for human consumption. - Answer false
Most of the carbohydrates in traditional/ancestral diets come from: - Answer Starchy vegetable like roots and tubers
Traditional diets are often high in organ meats and local vegetables, this makes their diets particularly high in: - Answer Fat-soluble vitamins, high-quality protein, and fiber
Hunter-gatherer populations tend to have lower rates of heart disease and diabetes but also tend to live shorter lives and die from chronic diseases compared to modern populations. - Answer false
Humans are considered to be: - Answer Omnivores, since we are intermediate between the traits of carnivores and herbivores
As people began to domesticate crops, the human diet shifted dramatically. At this point, people began to get more protein from _______ sources. Accordingly, the amount of _________ in the diet began to increase while the amount of ________ began to decrease. - Answer plant; carb; protien
Which of the following statements suggests that consuming milk past infancy may give humans an "evolutionary advantage"? - Answer Humans with an ancestral background of dairying tend to show lactose tolerance
Which of the following is a good example of protein complementation? - Answer Mixing rice and beans in a dish to reduce the number of limiting amino acids
Which of the following foods contains protein that is the MOST digestible? - Answer Cheese
Which of the following statements regarding antinutrients is FALSE? - Answer They can be broken down in the human digestive tract
During the transition to agriculture, which of the following dietary shifts is TRUE? - Answer The level of antinutrients in the diet increased
Compared to the Neolithic period, the Industrial Era of the human diet was characterized by - Answer the introduction of milling and pasteurization.
Which of the following is HIGHER in factory farmed foods compared to wild/pastured
foods? - Answer Total fat and omega-6 fatty acids
During milk processing, _____ is the process of heat-treating milk to kill potentially harmful bacteria while _______is the process of mixing the fat and water portions of milk together so that it no longer separates. - Answer Pasteurization; homogenization
Some reactions serve to break down molecules (like glucose) to release energy that is stored in them. These types of reactions are _______(1). Other reactions have the opposite role and serve to build larger molecules. These types of reactions require energy input and are (2).
The "batteries" of the cell are used to transfer this energy between the two types of reactions above. The fully charged version of the battery that can be used to power cellular work is (3). When the energy in this molecule has been used so that it is depleted of energy, it wait in a partially charged form, (4), until it gets more energy from another reaction.
The process of energy transfer between these two types of reactions is called coupling. The sum of all the energy-producing (1) and energy-using (2) reactions in the body is called. This is how your body gets energy out of the food that you eat in order to use it to power all the differ - Answer catabolic; anabolic; ATP; ADP; Metabolism
Say that a heart muscle cell has low levels of #3 and high levels of #4, what kind of problems is the cell likely to have? - Answer - It will not be able to use energy that is extracted from glucose to contract
- It will not be able to build new molecules like enzymes and transporters
The first pathway in glucose metabolism if glycolysis. Where is the glucose coming from? Check all that apply. - Answer - Carbohydrates in the diet
- Stored glycogen in the liver or muscle
- Conversion of certain amino acids to glucose
Glycolysis occurs ______ the mitochondria of the cell and provides _____ energy for the cell. - Answer outside; little
There is a genetic condition in which the enzyme at #1 is non-functional. What would be the result of this condition? - Answer - The person would not be able to store glucose as glycogen
- The person would have a difficult time increasing blood sugar between meals
After glycolysis, the metabolism of glucose continues via the Krebs cycle. The starting material for this pathway is _______(A) and the process occurs (inside/outside) the mitochondria. - Answer acetylCoA; inside
The breakdown of fatty acids via the Beta-oxidation metabolic pathway results in the
If the body could not produce the hormone glucagon, what would be the result? - Answer Blood sugar levels would drop too low during fasting
type 1 diabetes - Answer weight loss and ketoacidosis
type 2 diabetes - Answer nocturia and high blood pressure
Both type 1 and 2 diabetes - Answer High HbA1c levels at diagnosis
neither - Answer chronically low blood sugar
Foods with a high glycemic index (GI) but a low glycemic load (GL): - Answer Actually have a low impact on blood sugar
Lipoprotein: Chylomicron - Answer transports dietary fat
Lipoprotein: VLDL - Answer Transports lipids and vitamins from the liver out to the body
Lipoprotein: LDL - Answer transports cholesterol from liver out to the body cells
Lipoprotein: HDL - Answer transports cholesterol from body cells back to the liver
Which of the following is a role of lipids in the body? - Answer - Primary form of energy storage
- Starting material (precursors) for inflammatory signaling molecules
- Brain health and cognitive development
- Form the basis of every cell membrane in the body
Which of the following is both a risk factor AND a cause of cardiovascular disease? - Answer hypertension
Which of the following situations would be characteristic of chronic inflammation? - Answer Extended periods of high blood sugar that cause an immune response in the blood vessels
Which of the following statements regarding hypertension is TRUE? - Answer Hypertension may both contribute to and be a result of heart disease
Which of the following recommendations is given by both the conventional dietary advice AND low-carbohydrate approaches for diabetes? - Answer Avoid intake of refined grains and added sugar
Which of the following meals would be typical of a low-carb eating plan? - Answer Egg omelette with ham and avocado
Here are some statements made by low-carb diet opponents who believe that carb-restriction is unhealthy. Which of them is TRUE? - Answer Low-carb diets are often high in saturated at and cholesterol
Why is it unlikely that excess sodium consumption causes high blood pressure? - Answer - Lowering sodium intake effectively reduces intake of processed foods
- The kidneys are very good at getting rid of excess sodium in the blood
- Another role of insulin is to increase sodium retention by the kidneys
Which of the following is NOT a role of salt in the body? - Answer Important source of energy
There is increasing evidence that diabetes and heart disease are very similar metabolic disorders with similar dietary solutions. - Answer true
People who eat less and are more active do not always weigh less. - Answer true
In animal models of obesity, starvation is the only way to make the animals lose weight. - Answer false
Why is so difficult to try to lose weight by eating less and exercising more? - Answer The body tries to maintain energy storage by making the body tired and hungry
What does "flipping the equation" refer to? - Answer Overeating and inactivity are consequences rather than causes of obesity
Which of the following factors promote fat storage and accumulation? - Answer Low levels of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism)
Which of the following statements regarding the use of low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss is FALSE? - Answer Low carbohydrate diet increase energy expenditure through increased motivation for exercise
Insulin is the only hormone that is important for fat accumulation that promotes weight gain. - Answer false
Which of the following is NOT one of the three "S"s of non-dietary factors for weight gain? - Answer Sedentary
Which of the following is the BEST description of a high-protein diet? - Answer Diets that have higher protein content than the RDA
Which of the following meals is likely to be the most satiating? - Answer An almond-crusted salmon fillet, due to its high protein content
The only slow-release carbohydrates are _____________________. This means that glucose drips slowly into the blood stream without spiking blood sugar. - Answer proteins found in fish and chicken
Which of the following statements regarding cellular energy is TRUE? - Answer ADP gains energy to become ATP from catabolic reactions in cells.
What would happen to a cell if it was exposed to a poison that killed its mitochondria? - Answer The cell would be unable to metabolize fat and ketone bodies.
What's the difference between gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? - Answer Gluconeogenesis is the production of new glucose while glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen
Which of the following is the correct order of use of macronutrients for energy in the body? - Answer Glucose, then fat, then protein.
What would happen if the body could not perform ketosis? - Answer The body would not have an alternative fuel source for cells that cannot use fat for energy
Body mass index (BMI) is the most accurate indicator of overweight and obesity. - Answer false
Which of the following factors DECREASE basal metabolic rate (BMR)? - Answer Low calorie intake
Which of the following statements regarding treatment of overweight/obesity according to the energy balance hypothesis is TRUE? - Answer Obesity is a chronic disease of overeating and thus requires lifelong changes to diet and activity
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - Answer Minimum number of calories needed to run the body without eating while awake
