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BIO 1232 Exam Questions with 100%
Verified Answers Latest Versions 2025
Graded A+
- Which of the following bonds/interactions involved in folding a protein into its proper 3D shape is INCORRECTLY matched with its description? a) Hydrogen bond: a bond formed by the attraction of a hydrogen atom to an electronegative atom b) Hydrophobic effect: the attraction between a hydrophobic molecule and a hydrophilic molecule c) Electrostatic interaction (ionic bond): the bond between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion d) Van der Waals force: an attractive force that occurs due to resonating dipole moment when atoms or groups of atoms are very close together e) All of the above are correctly matched with their description
- Which organism could have aposematic coloration? a) A tree snake b) A barnacle c) A hawkmouth larva d) A poison-arrow frog e) A zebra
- During agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move from the to the . a) cathode … anode b) left … right c) anode … cathode d) right … left e) none of the above
- What provides the best evidence for the independent origin of microphylls and megaphylls? a) Microphylls have a single unbranched vein, while megaphylls have a branching vascular system b) Microphylls are small, while megaphylls are larger c) Both are vascularized d) Both appear as lateral appendages of the stem e) Both are photosynthetic organs
- If the nucleoli in a eukaryotic cell were destroyed, the cellular activity that would be most affected is: a) The formation of the nuclear lamina b) The appearance of the middle lamella c) The activity of the nuclear membrane d) The synthesis of ribosomes
Student ID number: (^2) e) The storage of RNA
Student ID number: (^4)
- Signal transduction is the process by which cells convert chemical signals delivered extracellularly into altered gene expression within the cell. In some pathways, signal transduction is accomplished by covalently linking serine and threonine residues in signaling proteins to phosphate. What is the name of the enzyme that carries out this process, and what is one reactant required for the reaction? a) Hydrolases, ATP b) Kinases, ATP c) Lyases, ATP d) Mutases, ATP e) Phosphatases, NADH
- A keystone predator: a) is typically present in large numbers b) may exert its influence by preying on a major competitor c) usually only works in a bottom-up model d) must be very specific in its prey e) is normally a top predator
- People are susceptible to influenza infection each year because of a process called: a) Antigenic drift b) Horizontal transmission c) Negative selection d) Peripheral tolerance e) Reverse transcription
- Stem cells are most abundant in which of the following tissues? a) Bone marrow b) Thymus gland c) Liver d) Thyroid gland e) Spleen
- These materials are assembled at your laboratory station: frozen spinach, methyl alcohol, a hot plate, filter paper strips, a beaker, a large test tube with a cork, petroleum ether, a metric ruler, and a capillary tube. It is most likely that the goal of this laboratory exercise is to: a) Determine the amount of chlorophyll in spinach leaves b) Measure the rate at which chlorophyll dissolves in a solvent c) Measure the dissolving power of methyl alcohol d) Separate plant pigments e) Study the effect of chlorophyll in a closed system
- All enzymes that bind and hydrolyze ATP, under normal physiological conditions, require which of the following cations: a) Calcium (Ca2+^ ) b) Iron (Fe2+) c) Magnesium (Mg2+) d) Manganse (Mn2+) e) Zinc (Zn2+)
Student ID number: (^5)
- A cross between a horse and a zebra results in a sterile zebroid. The reason for sterility of this hybrid is BEST explained by: a) The failure of chromosomes from the parent species to align properly during meiosis b) The appearance of the fragile X chromosome in the zygote of the zebroid c) Incomplete fertilization caused by a time lag of the sperm penetrating the ovum d) Species incompatibility of endocrine secretions e) The increased rate of nondisjunction during mitosis
- A newborn experimental animal is fed for one month with normal levels of only 19 amino acids. Which of the following is characteristic of what can happen to the animal? a) Secretion of excessive enzymes in the digestive tract b) Increase in basal metabolic rate c) No change in the animal d) Swelling of the liver e) Physical underdevelopment
- Which of the following fungi have sexual spores borne externally on club-shaped structures? a) Ascomycota b) Basidiomycota c) Chytridiomycota d) Masonomycota e) Zygomycota
- Some compound microscopes utilize a third lens, in addition to the eyepiece and ocular lenses. The use of this lens is to: a) Decrease the visible light wavelength b) Increase the resolution c) Invert the image d) Increase the depth of focus e) Magnify the image further *Answers C and E were marked as correct; Answers A, B and D were not marked correct.
- CAM plants initially fix CO 2 into during the. a) three-carbon compounds; day b) three-carbon organic acids; day c) four-carbon organic acids; night d) six-carbon compounds; day e) six-carbon compounds; night
- You have discovered a new bug! You know it is an insect based on the number of legs. You are having difficulty classifying its mouthparts. However, you can clearly see that it has only one pair of wings. What order does your new insect most likely belong to? a) Odonata b) Lepidoptera c) Diptera d) Hymenoptera e) Siphonaptera
[4] (6 points) Match the characteristic or function of the immunoglobulin on the right, with its class on the left. [Some answers may fit in more than one class of immunoglobulins. Classes will have more than one answer.] c, g, j IgA a. functions as a monomer a, i IgD b. when activated, causes cells to release histamine and other chemicals that cause an allergic response a, b IgE c. functions as a dimmer a, f, h IgG d. the first circulating antibodies to appear in response to the initial antigen exposure d, e IgM e. functions as a pentamer f. the most abundant circulating antibody g. produced by cells in mucus membranes h. confers passive immunity to the fetus in a pregnant woman i. do not activate complement, cannot cross the placenta; found on surfaces of B cells j. found in many body secretions such as saliva and tears [5] (3 points) Match the molecular biology technique on the left with the corresponding definition on the right: d PCR (polymerase chain reaction) a. technique to introduce holes in plasma membranes e Restriction fragment length analysis b. technique to separate molecules by size or other physical property c DNA microarray analysis c. technique to measure expression of thousands of genes at one time f RNA interference d. technique to make thousands of copies of a nucleotide sequence a electroporation e. technique to detect differences in two alleles b electrophoresis f. technique to silence the expression of a gene
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF PROTEINS:
a. Enzyme e. Storage b. Transport f. Contractile c. Signal g. Structural d. Defensive [6] (4 points) For the following (adult) organs and tissues indicate which germ layer it derived from. a nervous system a. ectoderm c notochord b. endoderm c lining of the body cavity c. mesoderm a cornea and lens of eye b liver a epidermis of the skin c skeletal system c muscular system [7] (3.5 points) Complete the following table with the appropriate functional class of protein. Match each functional class of protein with its description. i. Proteins in seeds provide food for plant embryos e ii. Collagen gives bone strength and flexibility g iii. A protein in muscle cells enables them to move f iv. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood b v. Antibodies fight disease-causing bacteria d vi. Insulin triggers cells to take in and use sugar c vii. A protein called sucrase promotes the chemical a conversion of sucrose into monosaccharides
a. Domain Bacteria b. Domain Archaea c. Domain Eukarya d. Kingdom Plantae e. Kingdom Fungi f. Kingdom Animalia g. protists (several kingdoms) [9] (5 points) The three domains of life and several kingdoms are presented below. Match each statement with the domain(s) and/or kingdom(s) to which it applies. DOMAIN KINGDOM i. Single-celled organisms such as Amoeba c g ii. Spider, flying fox, and sloth c f iii. Protozoa and algae c g iv. Multicellular eukaryotes that eat other organisms c f (and d, if answered with f) v. Prokaryotes a or b N/A vi. Magnoliopsida or Liliopsida c d vii. Another domain of prokaryotes a or b N/A viii. Mushrooms, molds, and yeasts c e ix. Organisms the cells of which lack a nucleus a or b N/A x. Photosynthetic multicellular organisms c d [Please note: For parts i, ii, iii, iv, vi, viii and x, positive points were given if the domain or the kingdom was answered correctly. If both the domain and kingdom were given, both must be answered correctly in order to receive positive points. If one was answered correctly and the other incorrectly, then the answer was graded negatively.]
Element Symbol Amount i. Iron Fe T ii. Nitrogen N L iii. Calcium Ca M iv. Iodine I T v. Hydrogen H L vi. Oxygen O L Element Symbol Amount vii. Sodium Na M viii. Phosphorous
P M
ix. Carbon C L x. Copper Cu T xi. Zinc Zn T xii - M represents a non-existence element. This was a typo. Section xii was not graded. [10] (5.5 points) [Please note: Point value was changed from 6 to 5.5 points due to part xii.] Complete the following table. The first column lists the names of elements important to living things. The second column lists their chemical symbols. The third should indicate whether the elements are used in trace (T), moderate (M), or large (L) amounts in living things. [11] (5 points) Nucleic acids, a group of macromolecules, are characterized by distinctive structures and functions. Match the phrases on the left with the appropriate word or phrase on the right. [NOTE: Answers may be used more than once] i. i Monomer of nucleic acids a. Phosphate group ii. d A nucleotide is a sugar, a phosphate, b. Deoxyribose and a. iii. b Sugar in DNA c. RNA iv. f Passed on from parent to offspring d. Nitrogenous base v. h Overall structure of DNA e. A, T, C, G vi. a Sugar of one nucleotide bonds to of f. DNA the next nucleotide vii. c DNA is expressed through this intermediary g. Ribose viii. e Nitrogenous bases of DNA h. Double Helix ix. j Nitrogenous bases of RNA i. Nucleotide x. g Sugar in RNA j. A, U, C, G
[15] (4 points) Use the above pedigree to solve this problem. Phenylketonuria is caused by a homozygous recessive gene. Indicate the genotypes of the four individuals labeled A, B, C, and D, using T to indicate the dominant allele and t to indicate the recessive allele. A = tt; B = Tt; C = Tt; D = Tt [16] (3.5 points) You have joined a team of scientists that are developing diagnostic tests for genetic defects. You have developed a method for detection of specific mutations in the BRCA1 gene, which is involved in some breast and ovarian cancers. The method relies on PCR amplification of a 428bp fragment, which is then digested with the restriction enzyme HpaI. This enzyme cleaves normal DNA twice within the amplified fragment. There is only one HpaI site in the DNA of the individuals containing the specific BRCA1 mutations that you are trying to detect. This is illustrated in the schematic below: In the boxes provided, write the size(s) of restriction fragments of a DNA sample you would detect in an agarose gel from an individual who was: [NOTE: Not all the boxes may be used] i. Heterozygous at BRCA ii. Homozygous “normal” at BRCA [Please note: The fragment sizes sequences (in parts i and ii) were not part of the grading process.]
[17] (4 points) The following genotype frequency data were accumulated for five separate loci, A through E. Gene A Gene B Gene C Gene D Gene E AA .36 BB 0 CC 1.0 DD .70 EE. Aa .48 Bb .03 Cc 0 Dd .20 Ee. aa .16 bb .97 cc 0 dd .10 ee. i. Which loci are monomorphic? Which loci are dimorphic? Monomorphic – C Dimorphic – A, B, D, E ii. What is the average heterozygosity across all five loci? Average H = (.48 + .03 + 0 + .20 + .50)/5 = 24.2 % iii. What are the allele frequencies at each locus? F(A) = .36 + ½(.48) = 0.6 F(a) = 0. F(B) = 0 + ½(0.03) = 0.015 F(b) = 0. F(C) = 1 F(c) = 0 F(D) = 0.7 + ½(0.2) = 0.8 F(d) = 0. F(E) = 0.25 + ½(0.5) = 0.5 F(e) = 0. [Please note: For part iii, credit was give if either one of the two allele frequencies was answered correctly, or if both alleles frequencies were answered correctly. If one allele frequency was answered correctly and the other incorrectly, then credit was not given for that allele frequency. Each allele frequency was worth 0.2 points, totally 1.0 point if all parts were answered correctly.] [18] (2 points) Fill-in the empty table cells below with the appropriate characteristics of Ernst Mayr’s fundamental distinction between functional biology vs. evolutionary biology: Functional Biology Evolutionary Biology Kind of questions addressed: ‘How’ or ‘why’ a. How b. Why Kind of causes identified: proximate or ultimate c. Proximate d. Ultimate Focus of investigation: decoding of genetic program or origin of genetic program e. Decoding of genetic program f. Origin of genetic program Nature of explanation: reductionistic vs. historical g. Reductionistic h. Historical
[21] (5.5 points) Animal bodies are covered by epithelial tissue, which also lines the organs of the body. The chart below compares the following four kinds of epithelium:
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Simple Columnar Epithelium Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s) and/or phrase(s). Epithelial Tissue Type Description: of cells; in layer(s) Representative Functions Typical Body Locations Simple Squamous a. thin, flattened cells; in single layer Exchange of materials by diffusion b. linings of lungs and blood vessels c. Simple Cuboidal Cube-shaped cells in single layer d. absorbs and secretes fluid in kidneys, or thyroid glands; endocrine secretions e. tubular passage-ways where urine forms in kidneys, and/or liver, and/or pancreas, and/or thyroid gland, and/or endocrine glands f. Stratified Squamous g. flattened cells; in multiple layers h. covers and protects surfaces subject to abrasion Lining of esophagus; epidermis of skin i. Simple Columnar j. elongated; cylindrical cells; single layer Secretion and absorption via the digestive tract wall k. forms mucous membrane that lines digestive tract and/or reproductive tract [Please note: For parts a, g and j, credit was only given if the correct description of cells was given and the correct description of cell layers. If only one description was given, the answer was not receive credit.] [22] (2 points) Two black mice are crossed. The resulting offspring demonstrate a phenotypic ratio of 9 black, 3 brown, and 4 white mice. i. The number of genes involved is 2. ii. The resulting phenotypic ratio is due specifically to epistatic interaction, epistatis, or definition of epistatis.
[23] (7 points) We are told that: “Despite changes in the external environment, an animal can keep its internal environment remarkably constant.” For human beings, this process is called homeostasis. It maintains body temperature and the fluctuation of blood sugar within a narrow range. In the chart below, fill-in the spaces with the appropriate homeostatic control system components as they are listed in the left-hand column. BLOOD SUGAR BODY TEMPERATURE Type of change in external environment Eating a meal; fasting Increase in ambient temperature; change in temperature Control center Pancreas Hypothalamus; brain Stimulus Increase in blood sugar level; change in glucose level; fasting Increase in blood temperature; increase in temperature Kind of signal sent by control center to effector Hormone; insulin; endocrine Nerve impulses; neurochemical; electrochemical Effector Cells; liver cells; liver and glucogen breakdown Sweat glands and blood vessels in skin; skeletal muscles Response Cells take-up sugar; increase or decrease in blood sugar level; glycogen breakdown Sweat glands secrete sweat; blood vessels dilate and fill with warm blood; cooling method of body; shivering; goose bumps Set Point 70 – 110 mg of sugar per 110 mL of blood 37’C; 98.6’F; approximately 98’F [Please note: If question #23 was misread and/or misunderstood, but was logically answered correctly with reasoning, the proper answer was given credit.] [24] (2 points) Read the “Explanations” column, then complete the table below with the appropriate phrase. Costs and/or Benefits to Helpers Costs and/or Benefits to Breeders Explanation a. Decrease in fitness increase in fitness helpers are altruistic b. Increase in fitness c. Decrease in fitness helpers are selfish increase in fitness d. Increase in fitness both helpers and breeders benefit
[26] (4 points) On the diagram below label the flower structures in the blanks provided.
- Petals or Corolla 5. Stigma
- Anther 6. Style
- Filament 7. Ovule
- Stamen 8. Carpel or Pistil [27] (6 points) In supplying oxygen to a [human] mother’s fetus, a molecule of O 2 must follow a circuitous path. In the list below, order from first (notation: 1st) to last (notation: 11 th) the route O 2 takes from the mother to her fetus. 8th a. Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin in fetal blood. 7th b. Oxygen diffuses through the wall of a capillary in the placenta and into the blood of the fetus. 4th c. The mother’s blood, now loaded with oxygen, returns from her lungs to the heart. 11th d. Oxygen leaves the blood of the fetus and diffuses into a growing cell in the fetus’ brain. 6th e. Oxygen diffuses out through the walls of capillaries in the uterus. 10th f. The fetus’ heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood out to its tissues. 5th g. The mother’s heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to her uterus. 1st h. The mother takes a deep breath of fresh air. 2nd i. Oxygen diffuses across the thin wall of an alveolus in the mother’s lung and into a capillary. 9th j. Oxygen-rich fetal blood flows into the fetus through a vein in the umbilical cord. 3rd k. Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin in the mother’s blood.
Student ID number: (^1) [28] (3.5 points) The following chart lists examples of innate animal behaviors. Fill-in the appropriate spaces in the species column, sign stimulus column, and fixed action pattern column. Species Sign Stimulus Fixed Action Pattern Cuckoo chick Host eggs Ejects eggs from nest Chicken Flying shape a. runs for cover Bird Open mouth of chick b. stuffs food into mouth; Red-winged blackbird Red wing patches (^) c. threatens and attacks intruders d. Frog; chameleon; gecko Habituation (probably association too) Catches insect with tongue e. Infant; adult human f. adult face; mother; sees someone smile; laughter; gets into USABO National Finals Smiles Gull or Graylag Goose Egg near nest g. rolls egg into nest The recent SARS virus is a: f) Lentivirus g) Coronavirus h) Egtved virus i) Baculovirus j) Retrovirus
- Which of the following cell organelles is typically identified by its sedimentation coefficient? a) Golgi apparatus b) Mitochondria c) Nucleus d) Nucleolus e) Ribosome
- Timber companies plant trees right after clear-cutting. Which of the following ecological and/or evolutionary processes would, in principle, take too long for timber companies to wait for, if nature just took its course? a) Competitive exclusion b) Coevolution c) Decomposition d) Mutualism e) Succession
- Bird migration is probably initiated by the effect of: a) Changes in light intensity on wing muscles b) Changes in duration of darkness on endocrine glands c) The availability of food d) The direction of the prevailing winds e) The increased temperature of the springtime sun
- Calico cats are always female and have multiple patches of differently colored fur. This phenomenon is caused by: a) Epistasis b) Incomplete penetrance c) Presence of codominant alleles d) Random X-chromosome inactivation
