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Bio 12 Physiology Final Exam Notes, Study notes of Human Physiology

Saddleback CollegeHuman Physiology

Final exam prep notes for Bio 12 Human Physiology

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 05/14/2025

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BIO 12 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY K SHAW
FINAL EXAM OVERVIEW
This final exam is cumulative and will be ~ 100 Qs
There are several versions of the exam.
NOTE: the time allotted for the final exam is 2 HRS!
The exam includes:
• Multiple Choice
• Matching terms to descriptions
• NO word spell or relationship questions will be included
This is not an exhaustive overview, but it should give you some focal points during your review:
UNIT 1
Homeostasis
• Basics of homeostatic mechanisms: setpoint, stimulus, control center, effectors
o Homeostatic review of body temperature regulation and fever setpoint changes – when do you expect
chills? sweating?
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BIO 12 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY K SHAW

FINAL EXAM OVERVIEW

This final exam is cumulative and will be ~ 100 Qs There are several versions of the exam. NOTE: the time allotted for the final exam is 2 HRS! The exam includes:

  • Multiple Choice
  • Matching terms to descriptions
  • NO word spell or relationship questions will be included This is not an exhaustive overview, but it should give you some focal points during your review: UNIT 1 Homeostasis
  • Basics of homeostatic mechanisms: setpoint, stimulus, control center, effectors o Homeostatic review of body temperature regulation and fever setpoint changes – when do you expect chills? sweating?

Body Fluid Compartments

  • Review osmotic pressure and net diffusion of H 2 O
  • Review colloid osmotic pressure with relation to: o DM and glucose o Albumin, Kwashiorkor, Liver Disease

Gene Expression

  • Review the basics! DNA mRNA protein (transcription) (translation) Blood
  • Review blood typing: o Agglutination – same process as coagulation? o Antigens o Antibodies: relate to WBCs and antibody production – o who is responsible for humoral immunity? o who produces antibodies?
  • Review hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) o e.g. mother-fetus Rh incompatibility o Revisit lab review questions from LAB EXAM 1
  • Review bilirubin o Difference between unconjugated and conjugated? o Review RBC recycling and bilirubin conjugation process o What cells are responsible for RBC recycling? o Review connection between bilirubin and jaundice (especially for HDN)
  • Polycythemias: distinguish between disorders and adaptive responses: Change in EPO production? RBC count? HCT? WBC count? o Relative o 1° (polycythemia vera) o 2° (secondary)
  • Clotting (hemostasis) o DO NOT focus on intrinsic/extrinsic pathways! o Review drugs that can manipulate clotting: which will increase clotting times? ▪ TPA – Tissue Plasminogen Activator (is it the real clot buster? what does it activate?) ▪ Heparin ▪ Coumadin (Warfarin) o What is the importance of vitamin K to hemostasis? ▪ What is the link between vitamin K and coumadin? ▪ Vitamin K deficiency: Increase or decrease clotting times? - Due to diet? - Due to absorption issues? - What GI issue can cause decreased vitamin K absorption?

UNIT 2

Digestive System/Metabolism

  • Focus on Diabetes Mellitus o Causes and symptoms of DM? o Connection to metabolism lecture: ▪ If cells cannot use glucose in cellular respiration pathways, what do they do? - Beta oxidation! fats → acetyl CoA + ketone bodies (e.g. acetate) - Too much beta oxidation = ↑ ketones = ketoacidosis - But then body cells start “starving in the face of plenty”: remember Kreb Cycle oxaloacetate is carb-derived (rate-limiting) – must have carbs to burn fats! ▪ Review two cell types: - insulin-dependent cells (IDCs) - insulin-independent cells (IIDCs) - Which cells are affected by under injection of insulin? - Which cells are affected by over injection of insulin?
  • ANS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic o NTs? acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine o Receptor types: ionotropic vs metabotropic – which involves 2nd^ messengers? Don’t focus on the signal transduction pathways!!! Simply -- What types can be cholinergic or adrenergic? o What drugs upregulate or down regulate the sympathetic vs parasympathetic systems? Don’t get bogged down with drugs! simply categorize as specific receptor agonists or antagonists ▪ Important ones: - Pilocarpine - Atropine - Albuterol - Isoproterenol - Propranolol

UNIT 3

Cardiovascular System

  • Review factors related to resistance – What variables are part of Poiseuille’s Law? o Look at each variable, when you increase that variable, do you increase/decrease resistance? do you increase/decrease blood flow? o Which of the variables can be changed on a short time scale to increase or decrease TPR (total peripheral pressure)?
  • Review the baroreceptor reflex arc o example: describe what occurs with the reflex arc, APs, cardioaccelatory/inhibitory response center, and heart rate/contractility when a person moves from a supine to standing position
  • List the Starling Forces that interact during capillary exchange o relate these Starling forces to patients with edema ▪ What Starling Force increases or decreases to produce Kwashiorkor? o ▪ What Starling Force is influenced when a patient has R pulmonary valve stenosis? Does systemic or pulmonary edema result? Do the following increase or decrease – CVP? venous return?
  • Review the characteristics of cardiogenic, vascular, hypovolemic shock. Be able to match examples and descriptions to the terms.

UNIT 4

NOTE: ~1/3 of the exam will cover Unit 4 and approximately 75% of the questions will cover material not covered on the Unit 4 Exam (i.e. external and internal respiration) Renal Physiology

  • Review autoregulation: mechanisms that maintain GFR despite fluctuations in BP o myogenic mechanism o tubuloglomerular feedback (macula densa) o RAA(A) mechanism o Note: Sympathetic control of renin release
  • Review Starling forces across filtration membrane
  • Review basics of filtration, secretion, reabsorption o Basics of renal clearance – no calculations but note the importance of inulin and PAH in determining values related to renal functioning o Remember: ▪ RCVx < RCVinulin = reabsorbed ▪ RCVx > RCVinulin = secreted
  • Review the mechanics of ventilation with focus on neural control of ventilation: o Function of peripheral chemoreceptors o Function of central chemoreceptors o Review brain centers and groups: ▪ Pneumotaxic center (Pons) ▪ Dorsal Respiratory group (MO) ▪ Ventral Respiratory group (MO) o Briefly review the descriptions of lung volumes and capacities
  • Air flow? Relate to Ohm’s law o What is a partial pressure gradient? For oxygen flow into the alveolar space from the atmosphere, where does PO2 need to be lower – outside the body or inside the alveolar space? o What drugs can we use to treat increased airway resistance that occurs with an asthma attack? i.e. what medications help decrease airway resistance? Which autonomic nervous system division is being directly affected by such treatment?
  • Hemoglobin and Transport o O 2 bound? oxyHb o CO 2 bound? carbaminoHb o CO bound? carboxyHb
  • Hb affinity for O 2 o Review cooperative binding: loading and unloading

o Note how Hb’s affinity for O 2 changes with number of oxygen molecules bound o OxyHb saturation/dissociation curves: review process of reading diagrams: both O 2 saturation axis and O 2 content axis (review homework packet examples)