Bio 116 Exam Two: Blood (Review Questions)
Bio 116 Exam Two: Blood (Review
Questions) with Best Solutions.
the fluid component of a solution - Answer solvent
any material dissolved in a solution - Answer solute
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Bio 116 Exam Two: Blood (Review Questions), Exams of Nursing
Review questions and answers related to blood, including its functions, composition, and formation. It also covers topics such as blood typing and transfusions. a comprehensive overview of the subject matter and is useful for students studying biology or related fields.
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Bio 116 Exam Two: Blood (Review
Questions) with Best Solutions.
the fluid component of a solution - Answer solvent any material dissolved in a solution - Answer solute
a fluid containing dissolved materials - Answer solution a solution with water as its solvent - Answer aqueous solution a solution with dispersed proteins - Answer colloid solution a mixture of a solvent & a large solute - Answer suspension When left undisturbed, a solute will settle out of a solution due to ______. - Answer force of gravity settling of the solute out of a suspension - Answer sedimentation What are the 5 functions of the blood? - Answer 1) transportation of dissolved gases (O2 & CO2), nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones, wastes, & waters of metabolically active cells
- regulation of pH & ion composition within extracellular fluids
- regulation of fluid loss through damaged vessels (the clotting mechanism)
- defense against toxins & pathogens
What color is plasma? - Answer light yellow What is similar to plasma, but lacks the plasma proteins (will not coagulate because of this)? - Answer serum ______ will coagulate. _____ will not coagulate. - Answer Plasma; serum If whole blood is fractionated, what is the percentage of formed elements to plasma? - Answer - 45% consists of cells or formed elements
- 55% consists of plasma What is the normal temperature of blood? - Answer 100.4 F or 38 C What is the normal blood volume in males and in females? - Answer males = 5.0-6.0 liters females = 4.5-5.5 liters What is fluid's resistance to flow? - Answer viscosity Pure water has a viscosity of ____. Blood has a viscosity of _____. - Answer 1; 5
Blood is how many times thicker than water? - Answer 5x What is the average pH of blood? - Answer 7.4 (slightly alkaline) How much of plasma is water? - Answer 92% How much of plasma is protein? - Answer 7% What percentage of plasma proteins is albumin? - Answer 60% What percentage of plasma proteins is globulin? - Answer 35% What percentage of plasma proteins is fibrinogen? - Answer 4% Which plasma protein functions is promoting water retention in the blood by maintaining osmotic balance? - Answer albumin Which plasma protein is important in the transport of fats, vitamins, & hormone in the blood? - Answer transport globulins Which plasma protein is produced by plasma cells to help prevent disease? - Answer immunoglobulins (antibodies)
production & estrogen in females that does not stimulate red blood cell production. What is the percentage of RBCs in the formed elements? - Answer 99.9% What is the percentage of WBCs in the formed elements? - Answer <0.1% What is the percentage of platelets in the formed elements? - Answer <0.1% Describe the morphology (shape/structure) of a platelet. - Answer Platelets are small, membrane-bound fragments that contain enzymes & other substance important for clotting. What is the formation of blood cells? - Answer hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis) Where does hemopoiesis occur in the body? - Answer red bone marrow What is an uncommitted embryonic cell found in the red bone marrow (bone stem cell)? - Answer hemocytoblast What occurs to blood cells in the process of maturation in becoming a committed mature cell (what happens to the size of the cell, the
nucleus, and the cytoplasm)? - Answer - Cells destined to become RBCs first differentiate into proerythroblasts.
- Proerythroblasts then differentiate into various stages of cells called erythroblasts, which actively synthesize hemoglobin. Erythroblasts are named according to total size amount of hemoglobin present, & size of appearance of the nucleus.
- After about 4 days of differentiation, the erythroblast, now called a normoblast, sheds its nucleus & becomes a reticulocyte, which contains 80% of the Hb of a mature RBC.
- After 2 days in the bone marrow, they enter the bloodstream.
- After 24 hours in circulation, the reticulocytes complete their maturation & resemble other mature RBCs. What are the two lines of blood cell development that hemocytoblasts give rise to? - Answer myeloid stem cell line & lymphoid stem cell line What cells are formed from the myeloid stem cell line? - Answer erythrocytes & all leukocytes except lymphocytes & megakaryocytes What cells are formed from the lymphoid stem cell line? - Answer only lymphocytes
What is platelet production that occurs within red bone marrow? - Answer thrombocytopoiesis What are enormous cells with large nuclei (up to 169 micrometers in diameter)? - Answer megakaryocytes What is the function of the megakaryocyte? - Answer They remain in red bone marrow and shed platelets into the bloodstream. What determines the RBC count, WBC, erythrocyte indices, hematocrit, and platelet count per 1 cubic milliliter of blood (or 1 microliter of blood)? - Answer complete blood count (CBC) What identifies the types and numbers of each white blood cell? - Answer WBC differential count What is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood? - Answer hematocrit (Hct) What is an elevated and a depressed hematocrit called? - Answer elevated: polycythemia depressed: anemia What is the concentration of hemoglobin in blood? - Answer hemoglobin (Hb)
What is an elevated and depressed hemoglobin called? - Answer elevated: polycythemia depressed: anemia What is the average weight of hemoglobin in one RBC? - Answer mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) What is a normal, an elevated, and a depressed mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration called? - Answer Normal MCH: normochromatic Elevated MCH: hyperchromic Depressed MCH: hypochromic What is the average volume in one RBC? - Answer mean corpuscular volume (MCV) What is a normal, an elevated, and a depressed mean corpuscular volume called? - Answer Normal MCV: normocytic Elevated MCV: macrocytic Depressed MCV: microcytic What is the number of RBCs per microliter of whole blood? - Answer RBC count What is an elevated and a depressed RBC count called? - Answer elevated: erythrocytosis/polycythemia
lose any organelle that is not directly associated with its primary function. Each hemoglobin molecule consists of ____ subunits of globular proteins which consists of ______. Within each protein subunit, there is a ____ group. - Answer 4; 2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains; heme What is an iron containing, non-protein pigment? - Answer heme What does the oxygen molecule chemically react with? - Answer iron (reacts weakly) How many molecules of oxygen can bind to one hemoglobin molecule?
- Answer 1 hemoglobin molecule contains 4 heme units, so each RBC can potentially carry more than a billion molecules of O2 at a time What is hemoglobin bound to oxygen? - Answer oxyhemoglobin What color is oxyhemoglobin? - Answer bright red What is hemoglobin not bound to oxygen? - Answer deoxyhemoglobin What color is deoxyhemoglobin? - Answer dark red (burgundy almost)
What percentage of oxygen is transported through the circulation by hemoglobin? - Answer 98% What percentage of RBCs are recycled? - Answer 90% If an RBC is recycled, what cells phagocytize them? Where are these phagocytic cells located? - Answer RBCs are phagocytized by macrophages of the liver, spleen, & bone marrow. If hemoglobin is recycled, what is the fate of the respiratory pigment in heme (the iron, Fe)? - Answer Iron is extracted from heme & is transported to bone marrow or stored in the liver. If hemoglobin is recycled, what is the fate of the globulin? - Answer In globulin, amino acids are recycled to be reused for protein synthesis. When will an RBC fail to be recycled? - Answer when hemolysis occurs (ruptured cells cannot be recycled) What is the rupture of RBCs? - Answer hemolysis What is a substance that can trigger an immune response? - Answer antigen
If you are donating blood, what must be compatible with the recipient?
- Answer Your cell membrane antigens must not react with the recipient plasma antibodies. If you are a recipient, what must be compatible with the donor? - Answer Your plasma antibodies must not react with the donor's red blood cell antigens. What antibodies are found in individuals with Type A blood? - Answer anti-B antibodies What antibodies are found in individuals with Type B blood? - Answer anti-A antibodies What antibodies are found in individuals with Type AB blood? - Answer no antibodies What antibodies are found in individuals with Type O blood? - Answer anti-A & anti-B antibodies What blood type can an individual with type A blood donate to and receive from? - Answer donate to: A & AB receive from: A & O What blood type can an individual with type B blood donate to and receive from? - Answer donate to: B & AB
receive from: B & O What blood type can an individual with type AB blood donate to and receive from? - Answer donate to: AB receive from: A, B, AB, & O What blood type can an individual with type O blood donate to and receive from? - Answer donate to: A, B, AB, & O receive from: O What is the response of a mother's immune system to form antibodies against Rh-positive blood? - Answer sensitization Why do individuals with an Rh(-) blood type first be sensitized before reacting with incompatible blood Rh(+)? - Answer RhoGAM (has anti-Rh antibodies) is injected into a pregnant Rh- woman & the anti-Rh antibodies circulate the mother's (Rh-) bloodstream, where they destroy any fetal RBCs there. This prevents the mother's immune system from making antibodies against the developing fetus's red blood cells. Describe the events that occur between a mother and fetus to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. - Answer - During pregnancy, when fetal & maternal vascular systems are closely intertwined, the mother's antibodies against RBC surface antigens may cross the placenta, attacking & destroying fetal RBCs.
- Since these immature RBCs are erythroblasts, HDN is also known as erythroblastosis fetalis.
- Without treatment, a fetus with erythroblastosis fetalis may die before delivery or shortly after. What blood type is the universal donor? - Answer type O negative (O-) How do WBCs & RBCs differ in cellular structure? - Answer WBCs have nuclei & organelles, but lack hemoglobin. RBCs lack nuclei & other organelles, but have hemoglobin. How many WBCs are there in a microliter of blood? - Answer 5,000- 10, WBCs are classified according to the appearance of ________. - Answer granules under the light microscope What WBCs are granulocytes (visible granules)? - Answer neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils What WBCs are agranulocytes (do not contain visible granules)? - Answer lymphocytes & monocytes
What is a multi-lobed nucleus called? - Answer polymorphonucleated What WBCs are polymorphonucleated? - Answer neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils What is a one-lobed nucleus called? - Answer monomorphonucleated What WBCs are monomorphonucleated? - Answer lymphocytes & monocytes How do WBCs move out of the bloodstream and into areas of injury or invasion? - Answer use the bloodstream WBCs are attached to specific chemical stimuli. This is known as ____ & allows WBCs to be guided toward pathogens & damaged tissues. - Answer positive chemotaxis What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils? - Answer 50-70% What type of WBC is phagocytic, engulfs pathogens or debris in injured or infected tissues, & releases cytotoxic enzymes & chemicals? - Answer neutrophils Describe the nucleus & cytoplasm of a neutrophil. - Answer nucleus: multi-lobed (resembles a string of beads)