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Download BIO 1108 UCONN FINAL EXAM | LATEST QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS| 2025 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
are much more variable than humans - Correct Answer fruit flies patterns of genetic variation can be described by - Correct Answer allele frequencies What can cause genetic variation? - Correct Answer a mutation two types of mutations - Correct Answer somatic and germ line mutations can be - Correct Answer deleterious, neutral, or advantageous recombination - Correct Answer gives new combinations not present in the parent population allele frequency - Correct Answer # of copies of an allele / total # of alleles ina population What is the frequency of a in this population? 50% aa 25 % Aa 25% aa - Correct Answer 62.5% Evolution - Correct Answer a change in the frequency of alleles or genotypes in a population over time How do we measure "change" in the frequency of alleles or genotypes in a population over time? (3 methods) - Correct Answer - observable physical traits - relative size of genes (gel electrophoresis) - specific genetic code (DNA sequencing) What is our baseline to compare against when determining if evolutionary change is significant? - Correct Answer Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model Conditions of HW Equilibrium (five) - Correct Answer - no differential survival or reproductive success of individuals - no migration - no mutation - large population size - no mate choice disruptive selection - Correct Answer selects against the mean artificial selection - Correct Answer selection by a breeder rather than by competition , . , and are non adaptive mechanisms of evolution - Correct Answer migration, mutation, genetic drift, non-random mating small populations have problems with because random events have a disproportionately heavy impact - Correct Answer drift genetic drift - Correct Answer a random change in allele frequency drift leads to loss (or gain) of and therefore a decrease (or increase) in - Correct Answer random alleles, availability 2 examples of drift - Correct Answer founder effect and population bottleneck genetic drift can be caused by any event or process that involves , not just the sampling of gametes that occurs during fertilization - Correct Answer sampling error founder event - Correct Answer occurs when a group starts a new population in a new area Especially in small groups, allele frequencies probably differ from the source population; this change in allele frequencies is called a - Correct Answer founder effect population bottleneck - Correct Answer a sudden decrease in population size population bottlenecks lead to - Correct Answer genetic bottlenecks genetic bottleneck - Correct Answer a sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population gene flow - Correct Answer the movement of alleles among and between populations due to immigration/emigration As an evolutionary mechanism, mutation is relatively compared with natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow - Correct Answer slow molecular evolution - Correct Answer a change in DNA or amino acid sequences over time speciation - Correct Answer the process that forms new and distinct forms of life without speciation, the planet would be inhabited by a single kind of organism - Correct Answer generally adapted "Species are groups of or interbreeding populations that are from other such groups." (Biological Species Concept) - Correct Answer actually, potentially, reproductively isolated Ring species are a to the BSC - Correct Answer limitation Ring species share DNA through intermediate populations where interbreeding occurs - Correct Answer indirectly Ecological Species Concept - Correct Answer animals that have the same niche(how you live in your environment) are the same species Evolutionary Species Concept - Correct Answer classifies species by their evolutionary ancestors Reproductive isolation is caused by before or after egg fertilization - Correct Answer barriers to reproduction two categories of reproductive isolation - Correct Answer pre-zygotic (before fertilization) and post-zygotic (after fertilization) kinds of pre-zygotic isolation - Correct Answer - behavioral - physical - temporal - ecological kinds of post-zygotic isolation - Correct Answer - genetic incompatibility usually leading to failure of the zygote to develop - sterile offspring polyploidy produces who cannot reproduce with the , which is instant speciation - Correct Answer parent generation speciation can occur without - Correct Answer selection natural selection does not always lead to - Correct Answer speciation a phylogenetic tree is a of the evolutionary relationships among organisms - Correct Answer reasoned hypothesis monophyletic group - Correct Answer includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants polyphyletic group - Correct Answer does not include the common ancestor paraphyletic group - Correct Answer includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants synapomorphy - Correct Answer shared derived character archaeopteryx - Correct Answer the extant sister group of modern birds tiktaalik - Correct Answer bridges gap between fish and tetrapods vertebrates the most devastating mass extinction occurred million years ago, at the end of the period - Correct Answer 252, Permian the mass extinction at the end of the Period eliminated dinosaurs (except birds) and made way for the age of mammals. - Correct Answer Cretaceous human lineage branches off the tree - Correct Answer great apes What are the three potential pools of information that will inform the systematics for questions of lineage? - Correct Answer - the fossil record - the DNA - the physical features Hominins have been walking upright for at least million years - Correct Answer 3.2 * Human history has had an important impact on patterns of genetic variation in our species. * Culture is a potent force for change in modern humans. heidelbergensis) while still in Africa * Then split off to various pop'ns as they continued to migrate and separate across the region - Correct Answer 200,000, ergaster 2 options for interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans - Correct Answer - Neanderthal and Modern did interbreed but the mtDNA has since been lost - Neanderthal males interbred with Modern females but Neanderthal females did not interbreed with Modern males modern human features - Correct Answer - bipedal locomotion - neoteny - large brains - FOXP2 Gene neoteny - Correct Answer retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult stage is a potent force for change in modern humans - Correct Answer Culture eukaryotic cystoskeleton is a scaffolding of - Correct Answer dynamic proteins vesicles are instrumental in.... - Correct Answer the movement of material throughout the cell and cytoplasm vesicle movement is than diffusion, which means the eukaryotic cell can now be much than most bacterial cells - Correct Answer faster eukaryotes_ some are single-celled - Correct Answer heterotrophs phagocytosis - Correct Answer engulf, package, transport, and digest food particles Chloroplasts are derived - Correct Answer cyanobacteria choanoflagellates are the closest genome to - Correct Answer animals plasmodial slime molds (amoebozoa) - Correct Answer weird creatures that form zygotes that repeatedly go through mitosis but no cell division (coenocytic cells = a single cell with many nuclei) coenocytic cell - Correct Answer a single cell with many nuclei archaeplastida - Correct Answer the super kingdom from which land plants arose , , and are members of the archaeplastida superkingdom - Correct Answer glycocystophytes, red algae, green algae stramenopila include : , and - Correct Answer giant kelp, algae, protozoans and are both stramenopiles - Correct Answer diatoms and brown algae stramenopiles - odd with stiff hairs, some with second flagellum that is not hairy - Correct Answer flagellum are a member of the Alveolata Superkingdom - Correct Answer dinoflagellates red tides are produced by - Correct Answer dinoflagellates Eukaryotes acquired photosynthesis multiple times by repeated episodes of - Correct Answer endosymbiosis Fossil Record of Protists is pretty old: billion years - Correct Answer 1.8 An increased surface area to volume ratio also increases exposure to the - Correct Answer environment Individual organs in animals are often based on the principle of greater - Correct Answer surface area Cells can achieve a high surface area to volume ratio by being and thin (nerve cells) or (microvilli) - Correct Answer long, convoluted bulk flow circumvents the limitations of - Correct Answer diffusion diffusion - Correct Answer net movement down a concentration gradient due to the random motion of individual molecules bulk flow - Correct Answer movement of water and solutes together due to a pressure gradient Complex multicellularity depends on . ,anda for development - Correct Answer cell adhesion, communication, genetic program cells in multicellular organisms must have a genetic program to - Correct Answer guide growth and development Animals: 7 and are the molecular mechanism of adhesion. - Correct Answer cadherins, integrins, transmembrane proteins Plants: do the job of adhesion - Correct Answer pectins How do cells communicate? - Correct Answer Generally, a signaling molecule synthesized by one cell binds with a receptor molecule on the surface of a second cell Cell Communication - Animals use - Correct Answer gap junctions Cell Communication - Plants use - Correct Answer plasmodesmata "Molecular signals” are the of the developing organism - Correct Answer environmental cues Cells having different depending on which genes are switched off or on (cell differentiation) - Correct Answer cell fates Plant development: are the actively growing cells at the tips of stems and roots - Correct Answer meristems Animal development: - Correct Answer gastrulation 
