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BIO 1108 FINAL TEST 2025 | Updated Questions and
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You have spent time working with a population of beetles. Males range in size from 2-6 cm in length. You realize that the females only mate with males that measure less than 3 cm long. If you measured allele frequencies at a single locus that contributes to overall length, would you expect this population to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium from one generation to the next? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------no Which of the following are produced by roots in order to increase surface area, allowing for greater access to nutrients in the soil? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------root hairs In a phylogenetic tree, a node or branching point represents: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the common ancestor from which the descendent species diverged. A coenocytic organism is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------many nuclei in a pool of cytoplasm
Skin color is an example of a human trait influenced by natural selection. What factor(s) has/have directly shaped variation in skin color? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------intensity of sunlight Chloroplasts have outer and an inner membranes that separate the stroma and thylakoids from the cytoplasm. What is believed to be the origin of the outer membrane of the chloroplast? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It is the relic of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of a cyanobacterium. Several species of fireflies are active on the same summer nights in the same fields. Males and females recognize one another by their distinctive flashing patterns. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation What would the flower look like of an angiosperm that relied on water to disperse pollen? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------small Lupins are an angiosperm genus having "cluster roots," which are roots that have high metabolic rates and exude large quantities of organic acids to the soil. What purpose might exuding organic acids serve? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- it lowers soil PH to liberate tightly bound minerals
single AVR protein. What do you expect will be the results of his experiment? ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Mortality will be higher in plants exposed to the several-AVR oomycete species. All plants that produce chemical compounds to deter herbivores make the same compounds. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------false When a coyote tobacco plant releases volatile signals in response to M. sexta caterpillars, this is an example of _______________. The presence of hairs on the leaf of a milkweed plant is an example of ______________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------an inducible defense; a constitutive defense The majority of an individual fungus lives "in" its food source. What characteristics of the fungal growth form make this a necessity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Fungi have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to dessication. Vascular cambium is one of two lateral meristems, the other being cork cambium. A plant grows in diameter primarily through divisions of the vascular cambium. If you pull a small piece of bark off a tree, and then look at its inside surface, what tissue are you looking at (ignore any remaining cells of vascular cambium that may be left)? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------phloem
Which of the following plant hormones promotes elongation of either the stems or roots in vascular plants? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------auxin gibberellic acid abscisic acid A researcher isolates a species of fungus that only reproduces sexually. He introduces individual fungi, all of the same mating type (e.g., with the same mating type alleles) into a petri dish. What do you expect will happen with the fungi in this dish? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------no spores will be formed by fungi in the petri dish Plants from which of the following groups died off as angiosperms diversified and became more abundant? Select all correct choices. ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------cycads ginkos A plant's fitness is directly related to its ability to deter predators; the more it invests in defenses, the higher its fitness. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- false What are advantages of root meristems originating at the pericycle, rather than at other root structures (e.g., the epidermis)? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- New roots are directly connected to the xylem and phloem of pre-existing roots. New roots can sprout from any location (i.e., not just nodes) on pre-existing roots.
The bilaterians animals are divided into two monophyletic groups, the _____ and the _____, which are supported by patterns of comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular sequence data. - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------protostomes and dueterosomes Gastrulation results in the formation of: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- gastrula _____, an adorable group containing such charismatic creatures as sea squirts, share features of the chordate body plan during early development. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------tunicates Meerkats are small desert mammals that live in groups of 20-50 animals. You observe the behavior of a group of meerkats. Which of the following behaviors would you categorize as examples of reciprocal altruism? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Two meerkats take turns grooming each other, each spending about the same amount of time grooming the other. Chordates all possess which of the following, at least during embryological development? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------notochord, post anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord
Cnidarians share a common body plan that takes two forms. The free-floating form is called a _____, whereas the sessile form is called a _____. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------medusa, polyp Male Australian bowerbirds build and decorate elaborate structures, called bowers, out of grasses and other vegetation. If we want to understand the physiological mechanism behind this behavior, we want to understand its: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------adaptive function Comb-jellies, or ctenophores, are similar to cnidarians in that they --------- CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Birds are one of two groups of flying vertebrates (bats are the other). One of their adaptations to flight is ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hollow bones. a method of breathing that extracts much oxygen from each breath. A female aphid reproduces parthenogenetically to create a colony of 10 clones of herself. Five of these individuals become "soldiers" and do not reproduce; instead, they defend the other five reproductive individuals from predatory insects. Consider a single soldier and a single reproductive female. From the soldier's perspective, each of that reproductive female's offspring are genetically equivalent to the soldier's own: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1 and 1
The major defining characteristic (synapomorphy) of arthropods is --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------segmented bodies joined appendages bilateral symmetry open circulatory system The Deuterostomia include: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------all the vertebrates Snails and slugs are ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Mollusks (gastropods) A hummingbird is visually attracted to the red, tubular flowers of a trumpet vine. It drinks nectar from the flower and, in doing so, inadvertently transfers pollen from one flower to the next. In this form of communication, who is the sender, who is the receiver, and what information is being transferred? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- The Osteichthyes, bony fishes, make up about half of vertebrate species diversity. Their success is due to a combination of adaptations that include ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A. mobile jaws for specialized feeding. B. kidneys that allow fine regulation of water balance.
Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction is rarely found as the sole mechanism of animal reproduction. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Why was the advent of the amniotic egg so important in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------it completely removed dependence on water for reproduction The amniotic egg was a key adaptation allowing vertebrates to make the transition to life on land where diffusion to/from a watery environment could not allow a developing embryo to meet its metabolic needs. Its three membranes are the _____, which surrounds the embryo in a watery sac; the _____, which sequesters metabolic waste away from the developing embryo; and the _____, which surrounds the embryo and other sacs. ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Amnion; allantois; chorion Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction allows much more rapid population growth. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------true The Ecdysozoa include: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------insectsl, crustacea, nematoda,
the parents to open the bill and regurgitate their food. Chicks will peck at a red dot painted on any long, slender object. For the chicks, pecking is a _________ and the red dot is a _______. For the adult gulls, the chicks pecking at their bills is a _______ and regurgitating food is a ________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------fixed action pattern key stimulus key stimulus fixed action pattern Animals that obtain food by scraping food particles off the substrate using a specialized rasping tongue structure are ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- mollusks and annelids Mollusks are distinguished from other animal groups by the presence of --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Mantle- the primary source of breathing and excretion (eliminating waste matter); forms shell of snails In sponges, the cells responsible for generating water currents that facilitate gas exchange and nutrition are the ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- choanocytes Which of the following statements best explains why amphibians are not entirely terrestrial? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------their reproduction depends on water
Golden collared manakins (a species of small tropical birds) perform an elaborate mating dance that includes jumping on perches and repeatedly hitting their wings together to make a popping noise. Data suggest that females select the fastest jumpers and those that make the popping noise more rapidly for mating. The __________ is the mechanistic explanation of this behavior; ___________ is the adaptive function of this behavior. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- The advantages of the amniotic egg include ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- amniotic eggs allowed animals to become completely terrestrial. They were no longer restricted to the water for reproduction like fish and amphibians. the amniotic egg prevents desiccation (drying out). Ecdysozoans ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increase in size by ecdysis (molting), they shed their external skeletons. consists of nematode and arthropods Pollinating insects are in part responsible for _____ diversity. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Plant Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------A backbone (with hollow bones that replaces the notochord) and a head with a skull and brain
In gametogenesis in both human males and females: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----
The most diverse group of arthropods is the ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- insects A biology student is on a remote island with a rocky intertidal zone. While out exploring she comes across a beautiful, and strikingly patterned, flat-bodied worm that has bilateral symmetry. She considers what she knows of the simple phylogeny of animals. She would like to place this worm into the group Bilateria. What one other characteristic would lend support to placing this worm in the group Bilateria? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Based on the fossil record, which of the following structures likely evolved first as plants made the transition to land? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- stomata sporangia cuticle Which of these plants are phylogenetic sister group to the pine trees and apple trees? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ferns
If a moss had a mutation that inhibited the production of sporopollenin, which of the following would occur? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the spores would dry out more quickly If you were to remove the anthers from a self-incompatible plant, how would this affect the fertilization of its female gametes? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Fertilization would continue, as self-incompatible plants rely on pollen from other individuals Which of the following is not a reason that mycorrhizae are particularly useful for enhancing the phosphorus uptake of plants? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --they can neutralize phosphoric acids You purchase two identical houseplants and place them side by side on your windowsill. You water both plants equally. One plant, plant A, you leave alone. On the other plant, plant B, you pinch off the top of the growing stem, effectively removing the apical meristem. Which of the following would you expect to occur? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------plant b will be much bushier, with growth of many lateral branches You may have heard that monarch butterflies (and their caterpillars) are "poisonous" to many predators. What makes these insects so toxic? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Monarch caterpillars store cardenolides from milkweeds
What is the primary reason that fungi are important in the carbon cycle? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to decompose large amounts of dead/decaying material, thereby returning carbon to the atmosphere One major innovation in the evolution of land plants was the ability of the sporophyte to branch. This may have provided an immediate advantage because: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- What would happen to a resulting seed of an angiosperm ovule was fertilized by a pollen grain that had only one sperm? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Nothing. The ovule would not be fertilized and the endosperm would not develop and thus the embryo would not have the resources it needs to develop. A researcher is looking at different petri dishes containing the yeast C. albicans. In the first dish she evaluates, she notices that the yeast do not form hyphae. Is this a mutant strain of yeast? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------No, as yeast do not normally form hyphae. Which of these plants are gymnosperms? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- oak trees, birches, maples
Hornworts are the most widely distributed bryophytes and are the most diverse with the largest number of species. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------false Which of the four major groups of gymnosperms is represented today by a single species? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ginkos Many antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall. What is a possible mechanism of action for anti-fungal drugs? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- The sperm cells of bryophytes are dispersed by the wind. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------true Dispersal an important part of reproduction. Which of the following statements about dispersal is false? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale (slowly; long time).. Which of the following is true about angiosperms? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------They have a triploid endosperm within the seed and an ovary that becomes a fruit.
