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If I give you atomic number and the atomic mass, you should be able to tell me the, uh, number of protons, electrons, neutrons, balance electrons. We've gone through that probably about a dozen times. I put it on the board. I put it on the board today. Everyone should know that at this point.
That's like a giveaway question. The periodic table of elements. You should know what that is. You know, it has all the elements on it. You know that the rows represent the number of electron shells.
The columns represent, uh, the number of valence electrons. The extreme right hand column, that's the inert gases and noble gases, uh, which don't interact with anywhere. So, uh, it's all straight phone stuff. You've gone through a whole bunch of times. You know that?
A couple of questions. Okay. You should know all about proteins. You know that proteins are made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, polypeptide chains, protein in there with 1 or polypeptide chains. Enzymes are proteins.
You should know that enzymes are protein. Do you know that proteins have nitrogen in them? We know that because the NH2, the amino group, uh, of the amino acids has nitrogen. We
know that the main component of the plasma membrane The principal components of
the plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol),
proteins, and carbohydrate groups that are attached to some of the
lipids and proteins.is possible to, but there are proteins that are embedded. One of the
functions that we talked about was facilitating diffusion where a protein forms a channel. The molecules go in and out. facilitating diffusion where a protein forms a channel.
The molecules go in and out. In facilitated diffusion, molecules diffuse across
the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such
as channels and carriers The protein, the primary structure yeah. What was the main
component of the falciparum? Anybody wanna tell? Anyone can say what it is?
Right. The phospholipid bilayer. And there are proteins embedded in it. Everything I say now is right from the exam. I'm reading the exam now.
So if I say it now, it's on the exam. Make sure you know it. Remember, the protein structure is very complicated. The primary structure is the sequence of the amino acids. Remember, there are about 20 amino acids, um, and they are like the limit of the alphabet.
the primary structure of a protein is defined as the sequence of amino
acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain. Each amino acid is
linked to the next amino acid through peptide bonds created during
the protein biosynthesis
They form on the primary structure. And then because of the high then they form bends the high that are the secondary structure. They get three-dimensional of the hydrogen bonds, tertiary structure. Mhmm. Then you have more than 1, uh, chain as a tertiary structure.
So the company has structure, but the but the primary structure is the sequence of amino acids. About 20 amino acids, um, half of them produced by the body. Which is what we call them that are not produced by the body? Essential. Essential.
Right. Exactly. Central. This is all right on the exam. So, you know, make sure you get it down.
Make sure you know it. Every day I'm saying that is right from the exam. The different projections from the cell, the, uh, flagellum is very long one. It can tell the sperm cell. Microvili doesn't resurface air. They do not move. They do not do they do not, uh, require energy. That's the brush border. The brush border is microvilli. They, uh, just increase surface area for more absorption. They do not utilize the energy. Cilia are a little lower than the microvilli. They do move things around. They do require energy. An d what's what's our energy molecule?ATP
What is what do you call the network in the cell that could be rough or smooth? Endoplasmic reticulum.
Multiple choice. You would have had it. Um, it could be rough or smooth. What's on the rough and the plasma continuum? Uh, ribosomes.
Sometimes the things are all related to each other. Sometimes they're completely unrelated. It's just like getting covered a lot of topics in one question. The function group COOH, what's that? Acid.
what's a domain and what's not a domain.There are three main domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Something that is not a domain would be a more specific classification, like a kingdom (such as Animalia or Plantae),.
can the energy be changed from one form to another? Yes or no? Yes. Transferred. Can be transferred from one body to another? Yes. Can it be created? No. Can it be destroyed? No. You got both conservation of energy. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
What if we're the simple diffusion of water? Simple osmosis.
Water goes from greater water concentration to less water concentration, which is the opposite of the solid concentration. True or false? Facility diffusion requires an expenditure of energy. False.
True or false? Life requires an expenditure of energy. It's true. Where are the cells genetic material kept? Nucleus.
True or false? Helium is the smallest element? False What's the smallest element? Well, it's a small cell. Hydrogen
What's the solid form of water? Ice. What's the gaseous form of water? Steam.
What do you call a glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids? Triglyceride.
Which of the organic molecules do not form polymers? Lipids Which of the organic molecules are non polar? Lipids. Which of the organic molecules hydrophobic? lipids
Name 2 nucleic acids? DNA AND RNA
Do they have they say they have non charges of spaces. Do they have all the same non charges of spaces Is there any differences? Different.
How do you describe the shape of DNA? Double helix.
Endergonic and exergonic reactions. What does exergonic mean? Release energy. We break bonds down? Endergonic Energy goes into it. When you break it down, energy is released.
What do we call the energy to get a reaction started? activation energy or energy of
activation
Solute dissolves in solvent
Enzymes increase or decrease the energy of activation? Decrease. T OR F Cells is the basic unit of matter. FALSE
What's basically matterr? ATOM Oil is what type of organic molecule? Lipids
What kind of cells have cell wall? Plant cell
the structure of the protein made up of amino acids by peptide bonds. it's made up of 1 or more polypeptide chains. Prokaryotic cells don't have membranous compartments. They don't have membranous organelles. They don't have a nucleophilic nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells are the cells that do not have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What do you call the enzymatic reactants?SUBSTRATE
What do you call the area of the enzyme that they attached to? ACTIVE SITE
What kind of inhibitors will will attach to active sites? competitive inhibitor
What type of inhibitors will destroy active sites?Irreversible inhibitors What do we call substances that are not produced by the body? ESSIENTIAL Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides.
- Osmosis is A) The net flow of water across a membrane from low to high water concentration. B) The diffusion of any substance. C) The diffusion of osmium-tetroxide. D) The diffusion of water.
- Which type of transmembrane transport requires the expenditure of ATP? A) Passive Transport. B) Active Transport. C) Osmosis. D) Diffusion
- Most of a cell's enzymes are
- A) RNA molecules. B) proteins. C) amino acids. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates.
- Which one of the following is false? A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. B) Enzymes are very specific for certain substrates. C) Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions. D) Enzymes emerge unchanged from the reactions they catalyze. E) An enzyme binds to its substrate at the enzyme's active site.
- Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others C) glucose cannot enter the cell. D) plasma membranes must be very thick.
- Of the three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, which are thought to be the most closely related two based on genetic evidence? โ Bacteria and Archaea โ Archaea and Eukarya โ Bacteria and Eukarya
- What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus? โ DNA / gene replication. โ Polypeptide synthesis. โ protein packaging and shipping.
- What is the role of the ribosome? โ DNA / gene replication. โ Polypeptide synthesis. โ protein packaging and shipping.
- The four major classes of biological molecules include-
organics, inorganics, gaseous, non-gaseous
carbohydrates, saccharides, lipids, proteins
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
none of the above.
- Phospholipids are characterized by the following: A. polar phosphate-containing headgroups and non-polar fatty-acid tails. B. non-polar phosphate-containing headgroups and non-polar fatty-acid tails. C. non-polar phosphate-containing headgroups and polar fatty-acid tails. D. polar phosphate-containing headgroups and polar fatty-acid tails.
- Which of the following molecules are not typically embedded between neighboring phospholipids of cellular membranes? A. Cholesterol B. Transport proteins C. Proteins D. nucleic acids E. glycoproteins
- __________ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules, but are strong enough to form bridges between molecules. A) Ionic bonds B) Covalent bonds C) Hydrogen bonds
- A(n) __________ forms when two atoms share electrons. A) ion B) element C) covalent bond D) ionic bond E) hydrogenbond
- When full, the innermost electron shell of an atom contains __________ electrons, and the outermost shell contains __________ electrons. A) 2... 2 B) 2... 8 C) 4... 8 D) 8... 2 E) 8... 8 Which of the following is/are properties of life? A) cellular organization B) DNA C) the ability to take in energy and molecules and use them (metabolism) D) the
- The molecule below at right is a(n)
A) carbohydrate B) protein C) amino acid
- Lysosomes A) help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles. B) recycle materials within the cell. C) fuse with food vacuoles to expose nutrients to lysosomal enzymes. D) destroy harmful bacteria engulfed by white blood cells. E) All of the choices are correct.
