Bio 100 full review (easy study), Study notes of Biology

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Bio 100c study doc

By Jenna Hawkins

Seven properties of life 1

❏ Order, response to environment, regulation, reproduction, growth, energy

processing and evolutionary adaptation.

❏ All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order,

sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and

development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed

together, these characteristics serve to define life.

10 levels of organization 1

❏ The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the

simplest to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ

systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Simple structure for organic compounds 3

❏ The carbon backbone allows for many different shapes

❏ Various functional groups can be attached to the backbone

Carbohydrates 3

❏ Carbohydrates: Mainly sugars and starches, together constituting one of the

three principal types of nutrients used as energy sources (calories) by the

body.

❏ also defined chemically as neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen.

❏ Complex carbohydrates are derived from plants

❏ Monosaccharides are the monomeric form of carbohydrates

❏ Monosaccharides are broken apart by cells in order to gain energy

❏ Carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides

❏ Polysaccharide molecules can be used to store energy (starch and

glycogen) or as the basis for structural fibers (cellulose and chitin)

Lipids 3

❏ any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones,

and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because

they do not interact appreciably with water.

❏ The three types of lipids are fats (triacylglycerol, aka triglycerides),

phospholipids and steroids

❏ They have roles in energy storage, membrane formation and hormone

signaling

❏ They are not polymers, they are hydrophobic

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 3

❏ Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotide monomers ❏ A nucleotide is an organic molecule that is the building block of DNA and RNA. ... A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. ❏ Five nucleobases— adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U) —are called primary or canonical. They function as the fundamental units of the genetic code, with the bases A, G, C, and T being found in DNA while A, G, C, and U are found in RNA. ❏ Information can be stored by linking together nucleotides in a particular sequence (Genes found within DNA molecule)

Notes 3

❏ “Shape” has a large role to play in the function of biological molecules (ex. Isomers, steric effects, protein and RNA folding) ❏ Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed by enzymes specific to the type of molecule being synthesised or broken down. ❏ “Saturated” fat refers to those fats that do not possess double bonds in their fatty acid chains. ❏ The secondary and tertiary folded structures of proteins arise from interactions that occur between different parts of the same molecule. ❏ Combinations of relatively few different species monomers (20 different amino acids or 4 nucleotides) can generate a very large number of possible macromolecules. ❏ Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are chemical reactions that are catalyzed, or “sped up,” by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.

Eukaryotic organelles 4 (images on next slide)

nucleus The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA.

mitochondria Energy out of food

ribosomes Make protein (IN ER BUT NOT SER)

Golgi apparatus Make,process and package proteins

lysosome Contains digestive enzymes to help break food down

Endoplasmic Reticulum Called the "intracellular highway" because it is for transporting all sorts of items around the cell.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production of new cellular membrane.

Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton made of filamentous proteins, and it provides mechanical support to the cell and its cytoplasmic constituents. All cytoskeletons consist of three major classes of elements that differ in size and in protein composition.

Plant cell organelles Animal cell organelles

❏ Tight junctions: Tight junctions are the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together to form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid. Tight junctions perform vital functions—such as holding cells together—and form protective and functional barriers. ❏ adherens/adhesion junctions: The Adherens junction performs multiple functions

including initiation and stabilization of cell-cell adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intracellular signaling and transcriptional regulation.

❏ Gap junctions: Gap junctions are a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

Notes 4

❏ Catenin: Any of a class of proteins that have a role in cell adhesion. ❏ Cell adhesion: the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. ❏ Protein manufacture, modification and shipping are core processes within a cell. ❏ The information to produce a protein is encoded in the cell's DNA. When a protein is produced, a copy of the DNA is made (called mRNA) and this copy is transported to a ribosome. Ribosomes read the information in the mRNA and use that information to assemble amino acids into a protein. ❏ Dynamic assembly and disassembly is a key property of microtubule/microfilament based cytoskeletal elements. ❏ In plant cells, microtubules assemble and disassemble during the cell cycle to organize different microtubule arrays. ... Since the four different microtubule arrays have distinct features and structures, use of different proteins (tubulin and non-tubulin) is a critical requisite for the assembly of each array. ❏ Several distinct arrays of microtubules form transiently as a plant cell proceeds through a mitotic cell cycle: the most prominent are the interphase cortical array, PPB, spindle, and phragmoplast. ❏ Motor proteins interact with cytoskeletal elements to mediate movement of and within the cell. ❏ Motor molecules interact with actin filaments to produce movement. In the presence of ATP, myosin (motor molecule) pulls actin filaments along. In non muscle cells the tails are bound to membranes, but the head can still interact with the actin filaments.

Cell division 8

❏ the cell that is dividing is called the "parent" cell. The parent cell divides into two "daughter" cells. The process then repeats in the cell cycle. ❏ Cyclin is a protein that tells cells when to start dividing and when to stop ❏ Depending on the type of cell, there are two ways cells divide— mitosis and meiosis. ❏ mitosis is a single cell divides into two cells that are replicas of each other and have the same number of chromosomes. This type of cell division is good for basic growth, repair, and maintenance. ❏ meiosis a cell divides into four cells that have half the number of chromosomes. Reducing the number of chromosomes by half is important for sexual reproduction and provides for genetic diversity.