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Pathogenicity and Virulence Exam Q&A: Comprehensive Review 2025, Exams of Health sciences

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to pathogenicity, virulence, and infectious disease mechanisms. It covers key concepts such as infectivity, toxigenicity, antigenicity, and pathogenic defense mechanisms. Additionally, it includes information on various pathogens, their associated diseases, and immune strategies. The material is presented in a question-and-answer format, making it useful for exam preparation and review. It also touches on topics like hemostasis, inflammation, and cell injury, offering a broad overview of essential medical microbiology and immunology concepts. Designed to help students understand the fundamental principles of how pathogens cause disease and how the body responds to infection, providing a solid foundation for further study in related fields. It is a valuable resource for medical and nursing students.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/16/2025

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BHS 329 Midterm Comprehensive Exam Questions And Answers Latest Updated
2025 With 100% Verified Solutions
Pathogenicity - qualities that promote the production of diseaseVirulence - potency of the pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases compared to number of exposuresInfectivity - proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individualToxigenicity - ability of the pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damageAntigenicity - level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreignAntigenic variability - process of eluding the human host defenses, often consists of altering antigen presentationPathogenic defense mechanisms - ways in which a pathogen has developed to avoid destruction by hostCoinfection - hosting two or more pathogens simultaneouslySuperinfection - when an infection arises in addition to one that is already presentEndotoxin - complex of phospholipid-polysaccharide molecules that form the structural component of the gram-negative cell wall, causes inflammatory response when bacterium is lysedExotoxins - potent substances that result in host cell dysfunction or lysis
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BHS 329 Midterm Comprehensive Exam Questions And Answers Latest Updated

2025 With 100% Verified Solutions

Pathogenicity - ✔✔qualities that promote the production of disease Virulence - ✔✔potency of the pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases compared to number of exposures Infectivity - ✔✔proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual Toxigenicity - ✔✔ability of the pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage Antigenicity - ✔✔level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign Antigenic variability - ✔✔process of eluding the human host defenses, often consists of altering antigen presentation Pathogenic defense mechanisms - ✔✔ways in which a pathogen has developed to avoid destruction by host Coinfection - ✔✔hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously Superinfection - ✔✔when an infection arises in addition to one that is already present Endotoxin - ✔✔complex of phospholipid-polysaccharide molecules that form the structural component of the gram-negative cell wall, causes inflammatory response when bacterium is lysed Exotoxins - ✔✔potent substances that result in host cell dysfunction or lysis

Neisseria meningitidis - ✔✔meningitis Streptococcus pyogenes - ✔✔- septicemia

  • myositis
  • necrotizing fascitis Streptococcus pneumoniae - ✔✔- pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • otitis media Staphylococcus aureus - ✔✔- endocarditis
  • cellulitis
  • pneumonia
  • osteomyelitis
  • septicemia Escherichia coli - ✔✔- urogenital tract infection
  • diarrhea Salmonella typhi - ✔✔- enterocolitis
  • bacteremia
  • typhoid
  • localized infections Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ✔✔- urinary infection
  • wound infection Rickettsiae - ✔✔bacteria -- obligate intracellular parasites

Transmission of protozoa - ✔✔- sexual contact

  • contaminated food or water
  • via arthropods Communicable disease - ✔✔diseases spread from person to person Cause of communicable disease - ✔✔microorganisms that live and reproduce in a human host Autoclave - ✔✔device that uses steam heat at high pressures to sterilize objects Direct contact transmission - ✔✔physically touching a disease reservoir or exposure to infected bodily fluids Droplet transmission - ✔✔transmission via airborne droplets across no more than 3 feet Airborne transmission - ✔✔inhalation of infective respiratory particles that are suspended in the air Vector transmission - ✔✔transmission via a carrier vehicle (eg. arthropods) Universal precautions - ✔✔standard of health care that recognizes all blood and body fluids as potentially infective Rules of universal precaution - ✔✔- health care workers wear gloves when having any contact with body fluids
  • masks and protective eyewear are to be worn if splattering is anticipated Stages of acute infection - ✔✔1. Exposure
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodrome
  1. Acute clinical illness
  2. Convalescence
  3. Exposure - ✔✔contact with the pathogen through any mode of transmission
  4. Incubation - ✔✔period of time between exposure and onset of signs/symptoms During which phase of acute infection is transmission risk the highest? - ✔✔Incubation
  5. Prodrome - ✔✔onset of nonspecific signs of symptoms including fatigue, low fever, nausea, weakness
  6. Acute clinical illness - ✔✔manifestation of signs and symptoms that are specific to a given disease During what phase of acute infection is diagnosis most accurate? - ✔✔Acute clinical illness
  7. Convalescence - ✔✔period of time between waning clinical manifestations and full recovery from disease Septicemia - ✔✔occurs when microorganisms gain access to the blood and circulate throughout the body Bacteremia - ✔✔septicemia caused by bacteria Septic shock - ✔✔process of systemic vasodilation due to severe infection Chronic infection - ✔✔infection that lasts for several weeks to years Purulent - ✔✔containing pus

Pathogens - ✔✔disease-producing microbes Horizontal spread - ✔✔one individual infects others, insect vectors, etc. Vertical spread - ✔✔parents to offspring via sperm, ovum, placenta, milk Eye immune strategies - ✔✔washing and antibiotic activity of tears Lymph node immune strategies - ✔✔phagocytosis by macrophages, attack by natural killers cells Skin immune strategies - ✔✔physical barrier Respiratory immune strategies - ✔✔- entrapment by mucus

  • transport to throat via cilia
  • phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages Blood immune strategies - ✔✔- phagocytosis by macrophages and granulocytes
  • digestion by lysozymes
  • attack by complement proteins Bone marrow immune strategies - ✔✔- phagocytosis by macrophages and granulocytes
  • attack by natural killer cells Liver immune strategies - ✔✔phagocytosis by Kupffer cells (specialized macrophages) Spleen immune strategies - ✔✔- phagocytosis by macrophages
  • attack by natural killer cells

Gastroenteric immune strategies - ✔✔- destruction by gastric acid, bile, and enzymes

  • competition for nutrients by billions of normal bacteria Urogenital tract - ✔✔flushing and acidity of urine 6 links in the chain of infection - ✔✔- infectious agent
  • reservoirs
  • portal of exit
  • means of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host Average volume of blood - ✔✔5.5 L What percentage of blood is plasma? - ✔✔50-55% 2 most prevalent blood proteins - ✔✔albumin (60%), globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) Erythrocyte flexibility - ✔✔ 10 micrometer diameter, but fit through 1-2 micrometer capillaries 2 methods of moving O2 in blood - ✔✔1. dissolved in plasma
  1. bound to hemoglobin Myoglobin - ✔✔a single polypeptide chain with one O2 binding site Cyanosis - ✔✔when hemoglobin releases oxygen and becomes desaturated, it turns a deep purple

to which region of the lymph node do B cells migrate? - ✔✔cortex and medulla to which region of the lymph node do T cells migrate? - ✔✔paracortex atrophy - ✔✔decrease in the size of cells hypertrophy - ✔✔increase of cell size (trophic signaling) hyperplasia - ✔✔increase in cell number metaplasia - ✔✔swapping of one cell type for another dysplasia - ✔✔change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure autophagy - ✔✔mechanism by which the cell 'eats itself' by digesting its own organelles necrosis - ✔✔cell death with lysis of membrane, leads to inflammation apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death with intact membrane, no secondary inflammation pyroptosis - ✔✔inflammatory cell death What percentage of your weight is total body water (TBW)? - ✔✔60% at steady state, how do extracellular fluid osmolality and intracellular osmolality compare? - ✔✔they are equal osmolarity - ✔✔number of solute particles per L of water, it is temperature dependent

osmolality - ✔✔mols per kilogram of water factors that change ECF and ICF - ✔✔- ingestion of water

  • dehydration
  • intravenous infusion of solutions
  • loss of fluid