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BHS 329 Chapter 15 Comprehensive Exam Questions And Answers Latest Updated
2025 With 100% Verified Solutions
4 major processes of breathing - ✔✔ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and respiration Structure of Upper Respiratory Tract - ✔✔nose, mouth, nasopharynx, and oropharynx Structure of Lower Respiratory Tract - ✔✔trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles what strucutre connect upper and lower RI - ✔✔laryngeal pharnyx Defense mechanisms of pulmonary system - ✔✔protective structures, mucosal lining, irritant receptors, immune protection two major membrane layers that line lungs and chest - ✔✔parietal pleura and visceral pleura what is ventilation? - ✔✔acquire oxygen and remove CO2 from the blood chemoreceptor - ✔✔detect gas exchange needs based on the partial pressures of oxygen and CO what is inspiration? - ✔✔breathing in to acquire oxygen what do neural stimulation do in inspiration? - ✔✔diaphragm down and intercostal outward which increase chest cavity size, reduce pressure inside lungs, and pull air into the lungs what does diaphragm and intercostal muscle do during inspiration? - ✔✔down and out to increase space and pull air in
what is expiration? - ✔✔removing CO2 out of the body through the lungs and is regulated within the respiratory centers of the brain what does diaphragm and intercostal muscles do during expiration? - ✔✔relax to expel air what tool measures lung volume? - ✔✔spirometer tidal volume - ✔✔amount of air exhaled after passive inspiration vital capacity - ✔✔max air that can be moved in and out of lungs forced vital capacity - ✔✔max air that can be exhaled from the lungs during forced exhalation total lung capacity - ✔✔air in the lungs when they are max expanded and is the sum of the VC and RV diffusion - ✔✔O2 and CO2 is exchanged at alveolar-capillary junctions Type 1 alveolar cells - ✔✔provide structure and air exchange Type 2 alveolar cells - ✔✔secrete surfactant surfactant - ✔✔lipoprotein lubricant that coats the inner portion of the alveolus what is the significance of iron for lung function? - ✔✔magnet that pulls oxygen onto the hemoglobin molecule so that it can circulate in the blood what happens if CO2 stays in blood stream? - ✔✔acidic metabolic wastes are produced and change the pH of the blood
why is oxygen deprivation dangerous? - ✔✔reduces cell metabolism and function and forces anaerobic metabolism what happens in the body is forced to use anaerobic metabolism? - ✔✔metabolic acidosis hypercapnia - ✔✔increased CO2 in the blood what does hypercapnia lead to? - ✔✔respiratory acidosis pulmonary embolus - ✔✔blockages that occludes a pulmonary blood vessel what condition has rust-colored sputum? - ✔✔pneumococcal pneumonia orthopnea - ✔✔difficulty breathing when lying down so upright position is needed impair ventilation manifestations: - ✔✔couch, excess mucus, dyspnea, barrel chest impaired ventilation systemic manifestations: - ✔✔fever, malaise, leukocytosis, high plasma protein levels cyanosis - ✔✔blue hue due to desaturated hemoglobin central cyanosis - ✔✔bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes peripheral cyanosis - ✔✔cyanosis on the fingers and toes due to cold exposure, anxiety, or inadequate circulation. clubbing - ✔✔enlargement and flattening of fingertips due to chronic hypoxia
treatment for impaired ventilation - ✔✔remove obstruction, supplement O2, mechanical ventilation, decrease inflammation, restore integrity pneumonia - ✔✔inflammation of the lungs typical pneumonia - ✔✔presence of another viral infection, such as influenza, promotes attachment of the pneumococcal bacteria to the receptors on the respiratory epithelium what happens if influenza occurs during pneumonia? - ✔✔bacteria infect type 2 alveolar cells, penetrate alveolar epithelium manifestation of pneumonia - ✔✔crackles, pleuritic pain, tachycardia, and tachypnea diagnosis of pneumonia - ✔✔CBC for WBC, CT, sputum test for microorganism bronchiectasis - ✔✔irreversible dilation and destruction of bronchial tree treatment of pneumonia - ✔✔antibiotics, fluids, and oxygen supplement COPD - ✔✔chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD denotes: - ✔✔emphysema and chronic bronchitis emphysema - ✔✔enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles that destroy the alveolar walls cause of emphysema - ✔✔smoking (centriacinar) or AAT inherited (panacinar) what happens if elasticity is lost? - ✔✔inability of the alveoli to contract and move air out of the body
diagnosis of asthma - ✔✔history, physical examination, pulse oximetry, spirometry, radiograph, treatment of asthma - ✔✔monitor lung function, control triggers, drugs to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion Cystic fibrosis - ✔✔autosomal recessive disorder of electrolytes and water transport Pathophysiology of CF - ✔✔mutations in CFTR gene what do CFTR mutations do? - ✔✔impair cAMP-regluated chloride transport across cells which leads to thick secretion in respiratory tract what is associated with CF? - ✔✔mucus plugging, inflammation, and infections why does mucus plugging occur? - ✔✔greater volume of mucus, airway dehydration and mucus thickening, and adherence of the mucus to epithelium how does Cf lead to intestinal obstruction? - ✔✔reduced Cl- secretion and restricted water into the intestinal tract What organs can CF affect? - ✔✔intestinal obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency, and liver function How does CFTR gene mutation affect liver? - ✔✔impairment of passive transport of Cl- and water across the epithelial cells that line the biliary ductules manifestations of CF - ✔✔chronic cough, hemoptysis, cyanosis, barrel chest, sinusitis, weight loss diagnosis of CF - ✔✔sweat test and genetic testing
treatment of CF - ✔✔clear airway, control infection, reduce inflammation, enzyme supplements, manage disease complications acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ✔✔severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload pathophysiology of ARDS - ✔✔damage to alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium=inflammation Is ARDS reversible? - ✔✔yes, with early treatment manifestations of ARDS - ✔✔restlessness, crackles, tachypnea, dyspnea, retraction diagnosis of ARDS - ✔✔blood cultures, radiograph, history, physical exam, blood gas test treatment of ARDS - ✔✔•Oxygen, mechanical ventilation, and PEEP what occurs during inflammatory response in ARDS? - ✔✔cells, proteins, and fluid leak into lung tissue and alveolar spaces
