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A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to respiratory physiology, covering topics such as ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and various respiratory conditions like pneumonia, copd, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and ards. It includes key concepts, definitions, and mechanisms, making it a valuable resource for students studying respiratory health. The material is presented in a question-and-answer format, facilitating quick review and comprehension of complex topics. It is designed to help students understand the underlying principles of respiratory function and disease, enhancing their knowledge and exam preparation. Useful for medical and nursing students.
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4 major processes of breathing - ✔✔ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and respiration Structure of Upper Respiratory Tract - ✔✔nose, mouth, nasopharynx, and oropharynx Structure of Lower Respiratory Tract - ✔✔trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles what strucutre connect upper and lower RI - ✔✔laryngeal pharnyx Defense mechanisms of pulmonary system - ✔✔protective structures, mucosal lining, irritant receptors, immune protection two major membrane layers that line lungs and chest - ✔✔parietal pleura and visceral pleura what is ventilation? - ✔✔acquire oxygen and remove CO2 from the blood chemoreceptor - ✔✔detect gas exchange needs based on the partial pressures of oxygen and CO what is inspiration? - ✔✔breathing in to acquire oxygen what do neural stimulation do in inspiration? - ✔✔diaphragm down and intercostal outward which increase chest cavity size, reduce pressure inside lungs, and pull air into the lungs what does diaphragm and intercostal muscle do during inspiration? - ✔✔down and out to increase space and pull air in
what is expiration? - ✔✔removing CO2 out of the body through the lungs and is regulated within the respiratory centers of the brain what does diaphragm and intercostal muscles do during expiration? - ✔✔relax to expel air what tool measures lung volume? - ✔✔spirometer tidal volume - ✔✔amount of air exhaled after passive inspiration vital capacity - ✔✔max air that can be moved in and out of lungs forced vital capacity - ✔✔max air that can be exhaled from the lungs during forced exhalation total lung capacity - ✔✔air in the lungs when they are max expanded and is the sum of the VC and RV diffusion - ✔✔O2 and CO2 is exchanged at alveolar-capillary junctions Type 1 alveolar cells - ✔✔provide structure and air exchange Type 2 alveolar cells - ✔✔secrete surfactant surfactant - ✔✔lipoprotein lubricant that coats the inner portion of the alveolus what is the significance of iron for lung function? - ✔✔magnet that pulls oxygen onto the hemoglobin molecule so that it can circulate in the blood what happens if CO2 stays in blood stream? - ✔✔acidic metabolic wastes are produced and change the pH of the blood
why is oxygen deprivation dangerous? - ✔✔reduces cell metabolism and function and forces anaerobic metabolism what happens in the body is forced to use anaerobic metabolism? - ✔✔metabolic acidosis hypercapnia - ✔✔increased CO2 in the blood what does hypercapnia lead to? - ✔✔respiratory acidosis pulmonary embolus - ✔✔blockages that occludes a pulmonary blood vessel what condition has rust-colored sputum? - ✔✔pneumococcal pneumonia orthopnea - ✔✔difficulty breathing when lying down so upright position is needed impair ventilation manifestations: - ✔✔couch, excess mucus, dyspnea, barrel chest impaired ventilation systemic manifestations: - ✔✔fever, malaise, leukocytosis, high plasma protein levels cyanosis - ✔✔blue hue due to desaturated hemoglobin central cyanosis - ✔✔bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes peripheral cyanosis - ✔✔cyanosis on the fingers and toes due to cold exposure, anxiety, or inadequate circulation. clubbing - ✔✔enlargement and flattening of fingertips due to chronic hypoxia
treatment for impaired ventilation - ✔✔remove obstruction, supplement O2, mechanical ventilation, decrease inflammation, restore integrity pneumonia - ✔✔inflammation of the lungs typical pneumonia - ✔✔presence of another viral infection, such as influenza, promotes attachment of the pneumococcal bacteria to the receptors on the respiratory epithelium what happens if influenza occurs during pneumonia? - ✔✔bacteria infect type 2 alveolar cells, penetrate alveolar epithelium manifestation of pneumonia - ✔✔crackles, pleuritic pain, tachycardia, and tachypnea diagnosis of pneumonia - ✔✔CBC for WBC, CT, sputum test for microorganism bronchiectasis - ✔✔irreversible dilation and destruction of bronchial tree treatment of pneumonia - ✔✔antibiotics, fluids, and oxygen supplement COPD - ✔✔chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD denotes: - ✔✔emphysema and chronic bronchitis emphysema - ✔✔enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles that destroy the alveolar walls cause of emphysema - ✔✔smoking (centriacinar) or AAT inherited (panacinar) what happens if elasticity is lost? - ✔✔inability of the alveoli to contract and move air out of the body
diagnosis of asthma - ✔✔history, physical examination, pulse oximetry, spirometry, radiograph, treatment of asthma - ✔✔monitor lung function, control triggers, drugs to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion Cystic fibrosis - ✔✔autosomal recessive disorder of electrolytes and water transport Pathophysiology of CF - ✔✔mutations in CFTR gene what do CFTR mutations do? - ✔✔impair cAMP-regluated chloride transport across cells which leads to thick secretion in respiratory tract what is associated with CF? - ✔✔mucus plugging, inflammation, and infections why does mucus plugging occur? - ✔✔greater volume of mucus, airway dehydration and mucus thickening, and adherence of the mucus to epithelium how does Cf lead to intestinal obstruction? - ✔✔reduced Cl- secretion and restricted water into the intestinal tract What organs can CF affect? - ✔✔intestinal obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency, and liver function How does CFTR gene mutation affect liver? - ✔✔impairment of passive transport of Cl- and water across the epithelial cells that line the biliary ductules manifestations of CF - ✔✔chronic cough, hemoptysis, cyanosis, barrel chest, sinusitis, weight loss diagnosis of CF - ✔✔sweat test and genetic testing
treatment of CF - ✔✔clear airway, control infection, reduce inflammation, enzyme supplements, manage disease complications acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ✔✔severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload pathophysiology of ARDS - ✔✔damage to alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium=inflammation Is ARDS reversible? - ✔✔yes, with early treatment manifestations of ARDS - ✔✔restlessness, crackles, tachypnea, dyspnea, retraction diagnosis of ARDS - ✔✔blood cultures, radiograph, history, physical exam, blood gas test treatment of ARDS - ✔✔•Oxygen, mechanical ventilation, and PEEP what occurs during inflammatory response in ARDS? - ✔✔cells, proteins, and fluid leak into lung tissue and alveolar spaces