Download BHS 316 Final Exam: Immune System Memory and Vaccines and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BHS 316 Final and (weeks 7-10) BHS 316
Combined Exam With complete solution
The II!concept II!that II!immune II!cells II!can II!recall II!pathogens II!they II!have II!seen II!in II!the II!past II!is II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Memory II!Features II!of II!adaptive II!memory II!include: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 4 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Customized II!receptors II!unique II!to II!specific II!invaders Antigen II!recognition II!receptors II!that II!can II!change II!within II!the II!lifetime II!of II!an II!individual Can II!protect II!against II!almost II!any II!invader II!for II!which II!the II!human II!population II!has II!no II!prior II!experience Memory II!that II!requires II!experience II!with II!a II!pathogen II!to II!develop II!Features II!of II!innate II!memory II!include: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 6 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Can II!only II!protect II!against II!invaders II!for II!which II!the II!human II!population II!has II!no II!prior II!experience II!if II!they II!share II!structural II!similarities II!with II!invaders II!from II!our II!collective II!past Customized II!receptors II!unique II!to II!specific II!invaders Receptors II!that II!are II!built II!on II!common II!molecular II!patterns II!that II!represent II!broad II!classes II!of II!potential II!pathogens Memory II!that II!is II!functional II!from II!birth Antigen II!recognition II!receptors II!that II!are II!hard-wired II!and II!invariant II!within II!the II!lifetime II!of II!an II!individual Antigen II!recognition II!receptors II!that II!are II!built II!on II!a II!foundation II!of II!millions II!of II!years II!of II!human II!experience II!with II!potential II!pathogens II!The II!cells II!that II!are II!produced II!in II!germinal II!centers II!and II!later II!reside II!in II!bone II!marrow, II!producing II!small II!amount II!of II!antibodies II!over II!a II!long II!period II!of II!time II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Long-lived II!plasma II!B II!cells
II!The II!cells II!that II!leave II!the II!secondary II!lymphoid II!organs II!to II!battle II!invaders II!and II!stay II!in II!the II!tissues II!at II!the II!site II!of II!invasion II!to II!wait II!for II!later II!attacks II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Memory II!effector II!T II!cells II!The II!cells II!that II!are II!produced II!in II!lymphoid II!follicles II!and II!the II!early II!stages II!of II!invasion II!and II!travel II!to II!the II!bone II!marrow II!to II!produce II!massive II!quantities II!of II!antibodies II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Short- lived II!plasma II!B II!cells II!Select II!all II!of II!the II!cells II!that II!are II!memory II!cells II!below: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 4 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Memory II!effector II!T II!cells Central II!memory II!B II!cells Central II!memory II!T II!cells Long-lived II!plasma II!B II!cells II!The II!cells II!that II!reside II!in II!secondary II!lymphoid II!organs II!and II!do II!not II!produce II!antibodies II!but II!can II!replace II!long-lived II!plasma II!B II!cells II!or II!produce II!short-lived II!plasma II!B II!cells II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Central II!memory II!B II!cells II!The II!cells II!that II!stay II!in II!the II!secondary II!lymphoid II!organs II!and II!wait II!to II!produce II!activated II!T II!cells II!in II!the II!future II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Central II!memory II!T II!cells II!Central II!memory II!T II!cells II!are II!more II!effective II!in II!preventing II!a II!subsequent II!infection II!than II!the II!original II!virgin II!T II!cells II!because: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 3 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!They II!are II!easier II!to II!activate Co-stimulation II!may II!not II!be II!necessary They II!are II!more II!numerous II!than II!the II!original II!virgin II!cells II!Central II!memory II!B II!cells II!are II!more II!effective II!in II!preventing II!a II!subsequent II!infection II!than II!the II!original II!virgin II!B II!cells II!because: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 5 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Co-stimulation II!may II!not II!be II!necessary
Cytotoxic II!T II!cells Helper II!T II!cells II!The II!specific II!features II!a II!B II!cell II!needs II!to II!create II!a II!memory II!B II!cell II!are: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!A II!fragment II!of II!unpresented II!antigen II!that II!can II!be II!recognized II!by II!the II!BCR II!and II!co-stimulation II!by II!a II!Th II!cell II!A II!collection II!of II!many II!different II!antibodies II!that II!can II!bind II!to II!the II!outside II!of II!a II!virus II!and II!keep II!it II!from II!infecting II!cells II!is II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Broadly II!neutralizing II!antibodies II!Vaccines II!that II!have II!been II!made II!from II!parts II!of II!toxins II!that II!have II!been II!modified II!or II!weakened II!but II!otherwise II!"appear" II!normal II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Toxoid II!vaccines II!Vaccines II!that II!have II!been II!made II!from II!organisms II!that II!cannot II!cause II!disease II!but II!otherwise II!"appear" II!normal II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Non-infectious II!vaccines II!Vaccines II!need II!both II!a II!danger II!signal II!and II!material II!that II!is II!recognized II!as II!foreign II!to II!be II!effective II!in II!mounting II!an II!immune II!response. II!Artificial II!"danger" II!signals II!that II!are II!added II!to II!stimulate II!the II!activation II!of II!T II!and II!B II!cells II!and II!development II!of II!memory II!cells II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!An II!adjuvant II!A II!major II!drawback II!to II!noninfectious II!vaccines II!is II!that: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!They II!can II!make II!memory II!Th II!and II!B II!cells, II!but II!they II!can't II!make II!memory II!cytotoxic II!T II!cells II!Vaccines II!that II!have II!been II!made II!against II!weakened II!forms II!of II!the II!pathogen II!that II!are II!unable II!to II!cause II!disease II!in II!healthy II!individual II!but II!retain II!antigens II!that II!generate II!memory II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Attenuated II!vaccines II!Vaccines II!that II!have II!been II!made II!against II!viruses II!using II!genetic II!engineering II!to II!isolate II!specific II!viral II!proteins II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Subunit II!vaccines
II!Some II!vaccines II!use II!genetic II!engineering II!to II!trick II!a II!virus II!that II!can't II!hurt II!us II!into II!putting II!a II!single II!gene II!from II!a II!pathogenic II!microbe II!in II!our II!cells. II!That II!gene II!will II!then II!make II!the II!one II!protein II!from II!the II!pathogenic II!microbe II!inside II!our II!cells, II!but II!since II!it's II!only II!one II!protein II!it II!can't II!hurt II!us. II!These II!vaccines II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Carrier II!vaccines II!Vaccines II!that II!have II!been II!made II!from II!isolating II!non-dangerous II!proteins II!from II!a II!pathogen II!that II!can II!elicit II!an II!immune II!response II!but II!not II!cause II!infection II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Acellular II!vaccines II!Select II!all II!of II!the II!vaccines II!below II!which II!are II!types II!of II!non-infectious II!vaccines: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 4 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Subunit II!vaccines Toxoid II!vaccines Acellular II!vaccines Killed II!cell II!vaccines II!A II!major II!advantage II!of II!using II!an II!attenuated II!vaccine II!as II!opposed II!to II!a II!noninfectious II!vaccines II!is II!that: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!They II!can II!make II!memory II!Th, II!B, II!and II!cytotoxic II!T II!cells II!Vaccines II!that II!have II!been II!made II!from II!whole II!organisms II!that II!have II!been II!"killed" II!chemically II!but II!otherwise II!"appear" II!normal II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Killed II!cell II!vaccines II!The II![ II!Select II!] II!cells II!that II!line II!the II!lumen II!of II!the II!intestine II!are II!connected II!to II!each II!other II!by II![Select] II!which II!form II!a II!border II!that II!tries II!to II!keep II!intestinal II!bacteria II!inside II!the II!intestine. II!In II!addition, II!the II!cells II!that II!line II!the II!lumen II!are II!covered II!by II!one II!or II!two II!layers II!of II![ II!Select II!] II!that II!contains II![ II!Select II!] II!. II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!Epithelial
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- II!Distributed
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- II!IFN-g II!is II!secreted II!from II!activated II!innate II!immune II!cells, II!further II!heightening II!their II!level II!of II!activation
- II!Macrophages II!and II!NK II!cells II!are II!activated II!by II!molecular II!triggers II!that II!indicate II!the II!presence II!of II!a II!pathogen
- II!Blood II!vessels II!lose II!blood II!pressure
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- II!Th II!Allergies II!are II!generally II!a II!case II!of: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!The II!immune II!system II!treating II!harmless II!foreign II!particles II!as II!if II!they II!are II!dangerous II!Atopic II!people II!produce II![ II!Select II!] II!in II!response II!to II!an II!allergen. II!Non-atopic II!people II!produce II![ II!Select II!] II!in II!response II!to II!an II!allergen. II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!IgE
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II!The II!immediate II!phase II!of II!an II!allergic II!reaction II!is II!precipitated II!by II![ II!Select II!] II!and II!the II!delayed II!phase II!of II!an II!allergic II!reaction II!is II!precipitated II!by II![ II!Select II!] II!. II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!Basophils II!and II!mast II!cells
- II!Eosinophils II!Allergens II!are: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Proteins II![Select] II!is II!a II!class II!of II!allergies II!usually II!caused II!by II!proteins II!from II!mold II!spores II!or II!plant II!pollen, II!whereas II![Select] II!is II!usually II!caused II!by II!indoor II!allergens II!such II!as II!dust II!mites, II!bugs, II!and II!pets. II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!Hay II!fever
- II!Asthma II!A II!person II!who II!produces II!far II!more II!IgE II!than II!expected II!in II!response II!to II!exposure II!to II!an II!environmental II!allergen II!is II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Atopic II!People II!who II!have II!food II!allergies II!or II!common II!environmental II!allergies II!produce II!too II!much II!_______ II!in II!response II!to II!what II!is II!really II!a II!harmless II!antigen: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!IgE II!The II!reason II!that II!the II!type II!of II!Th II!cell II!(Th0, II!Th1, II!Th2, II!or II!Th17) II!influences II!the II!development II!of II!allergies II!is II!because II!different II!Th II!cells: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!produce II!different II!cytokines II!in II!secondary II!lymphoid II!organs, II!and II!cytokines II!affect II!class II!switching II!in II!neighboring II!B II!cells II!Put II!the II!following II!steps II!in II!a II!typical II!food II!or II!environmental II!allergy II!response II!in II!order II!from II!beginning II!to II!end: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!A II!person II!is II!exposed II!to II!an II!allergen II!and II!makes II!copious II!quantities II!of II!IgE II!antibodies II!that II!have II!that II!allergen II!as II!their II!cognate II!antigen
- II!The II!Fc II!region II!of II!IgE II!antibodies II!bind II!to II!the II!IgE II!receptors II!on II!mast II!cells
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- II!Degranulation II!occurs
II!Currently, II!the II!only II!way II!to II!actually II!cure II!allergies II!is: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Specific II!immunotherapy, II!which II!involves II!injecting II!the II!antigen II!until II!the II!allergen-specific II!B II!cells II!switch II!the II!class II!of II!antibody II!they II!produce II!Most II!humans II!are II!born II!with II!Th II!cells II!that II!are II!biased II!towards II!producing II!which II!cytokine II!profile: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Th II!The II!hygiene II!hypothesis II!stems II!from II!the II!observation II!that: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Improved II!hygiene II!in II!Western II!countries II!is II!correlated II!with II!an II!increased II!incidence II!of II!allergies II!Approximately II!how II!many II!of II!the II!total II!cells II!in II!our II!bodies II!are II!from II!our II!microbiome: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!90% II!A II!human's II!microbiome II!becomes II!established II!primarily II!when II!a II!child: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Experiences II!vaginal II!delivery II!and II!breast II!feeding II!The II!microbiome II!may II!affect: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 4 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Autism Obesity II!and II!diabetes Autoimmune II!disorders Intestinal II!disorders II!(Irritable II!bowel II!syndrome, II!colitis, II!etc) II!Mechanisms II!for II!how II!the II!human II!body II!can II!achieve II!tolerance II!to II!food II!antigens II!are: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 2 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!anergy production II!of II!iTregs II!The II!chemical II!environment II!in II!the II!lamina II!propria II!that II!helps II!contribute II!to II!the II!development II!of II!oral II!tolerance II!include II!which II!of II!these II!compounds: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 2 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!TGFb Trans-retinoic II!acid
II!The II!concept II!that II!your II!body II!can II!ingest II!food, II!which II!contains II!many II!foreign II!or II!non-self II!antigens, II!without II!reacting II!to II!it II!is II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!oral II!tolerance II!iTregs II!produce II!these II!cytokines II!that II!promote II!an II!anti-inflammatory II!response II!and II!also II!shift II!the II!antibody II!class II!away II!from II!IgE: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!TGFb II!and II!IL- 10 II!Allergies II!are II!a II!case II!of II![ II!Select II!] II!and II!autoimmune II!diseases II!are II!a II!case II!of II![ II!Select II!] II!. II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!The II!immune II!system II!treating II!harmless II!foreign II!particles II!as II!if II!they II!are II!dangerous
- II!The II!immune II!system II!reacting II!inappropriately II!to II!our II!own II!body II!as II!if II!it II!is II!foreign II!The II!most II!accurate II!way II!to II!describe II!the II!way II!in II!which II!our II!bodies II!achieve II!tolerance II!to II!self II!is: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Many II!layers II!of II!different II!mechanisms II!for II!ensuring II!that II!immune II!cells II!that II!recognize II!self-antigen II!are II!eliminated II!work II!together II!to II!eliminate II!nearly II!all II!self-reactive II!immune II!cells II!The II!role II!of II!genetics II!in II!autoimmune II!disorders II!is II!best II!stated II!as: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Genetic II!predisposition II!to II!an II!autoimmune II!disorder II!increases II!one's II!chance II!of II!developing II!autoimmunity, II!but II!a II!person's II!individual II!experience II!with II!pathogens II!and II!the II!environment II!also II!plays II!a II!role II!in II!initiating II!the II!development II!of II!autoimmunity. II!The II!three II!conditions II!necessary II!for II!autoimmune II!disease II!to II!occur II!are: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 3 II!answers): II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Something II!must II!cause II!a II!breakdown II!in II!the II!usual II!tolerance II!mechanisms II!that II!eliminate II!self-reactive II!lymphocytes MHC II!molecules II!must II!be II!able II!to II!present II!self-antigen TCRs II!and II!BCRs II!must II!be II!able II!to II!recognize II!self-antigen II!If II!the II!Fas II!system II!is II!not II!functional II!in II!an II!individual II!with II!a II!genetic II!defect II!in II!either II!the II!Fas II!protein II!or II!the II!Fas II!ligand, II!then: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!T II!cells II!that II!recognize II!self-antigen II!will II!not II!be II!killed II!after II!being II!chronically II!stimulated
II!The II!concept II!that II!antibodies II!to II!one II!protein II!(for II!example, II!that II!of II!an II!invader) II!can II!actually II!bind II!to II!structurally II!similar II!proteins II!that II!are II!human II!in II!origin II!is II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Cross-reactivity II!The II!most II!accurate II!statement II!about II!the II!role II!of II!invaders II!in II!autoimmune II!disease II!is: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Although II!invaders II!can II!initiate II!some II!autoimmune II!diseases, II!factors II!such II!asII!genetics II!and II!the II!health II!and II!microbiome II!status II!of II!a II!person II!can II!work II!with II!an II!invasion II!to II!result II!in II!the II!initiation II!of II!autoimmuneII!disease II!Put II!the II!following II!steps II!that II!contribute II!to II!the II!initiation II!of II!autoimmunity II!due II!to II!molecular II!mimicry II!and II!cross-reactivity II!in II!order II!from II!beginning II!to II!end: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!An II!invasion II!occurs
- II!Lymphocytes II!whose II!BCRs II!or II!TCRs II!recognize II!the II!antigens II!on II!the II!invader II!are II!activated
- II!BCRs II!or II!TCRs II!of II!activated II!lymphocytes II!cross-react II!with II!a II!protein II!on II!your II!own II!tissues II!that II!is II!structurally II!similar II!to II!their II!cognate II!antigens
- II!Activated II!lymphocytes II!target II!your II!own II!tissues II!provided II!they II!are II!re-stimulated II!If II!your II!body II!produces II!T II!cells II!that II!can II!bind II!to II!self-antigen II!and II!they II!become II!activated, II!the II!inflammatory II!reaction II!that II!keeps II!them II!re-stimulated II!and II!able II!to II!do II!damage: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Must II!occur II!in II!the II!tissues II!where II!the II!self-antigen II!is II!expressed II!If II!a II!person II!does II!produce II!some II!naïve II!self-reactive II!lymphocytes, II!then: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Those II!lymphocytes II!still II!need II!to II!be II!activated II!and II!subsequently II!reactivated II!to II!cause II!damage II!If II!an II!activated II!self-reactive II!T II!cell II!is II!exposed II!to II!tissues II!in II!which II!no II!battle II!against II!an II!invader II!is II!present, II!then II![Select] II!. II!If II!an II!activated II!self-reactive II!T II!cell II!is II!exposed II!to II!tissues II!in II!which II!a II!battle II!against II!an II!invader II!with II!a II!cross-reacting II!antigen II!is II!occurring, II!then II![Select] II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!It II!will II!die II!by II!anergy II!because II!of II!a II!lack II!of II!re-stimulation
- II!It II!will II!be II!re-stimulated II!because II!of II!the II!co-stimulatory II!molecules II!present II!on II!APCs II!that II!also II!recognize II!the II!same II!self-antigen
II!Rheumatoid II!arthritis II!results II!from: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!The II!formation II!of II!IgM-IgG II!antibody II!complexes II!that II!activate II!macrophages, II!leading II!to II!increased II!production II!of II!the II!inflammatory II!cytokine II!TNF II!Examples II!of II!autoimmune II!conditions II!include: II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 6 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Lupus Type II! 1 II!diabetes Rheumatic II!heart II!disease Multiple II!sclerosis Rheumatoid II!arthritis Myasthenia II!gravis II!Multiple II!sclerosis II!results II!from: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!T II!cells II!that II!react II!against II!myelin II!basic II!protein II!attack II!the II!myelin II!sheaths II!needed II!for II!the II!brain II!to II!send II!messages II!to II!other II!parts II!of II!the II!body II!Myasthenia II!gravis II!results II!from: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Antibodies II!that II!bind II!to II!a II!receptor II!for II!a II!neurotransmitter II!(acetylcholine) II!blocking II!the II!ability II!to II!transmit II!messages II!from II!a II!nerve II!to II!a II!muscle II!Streptococcus II!pyogenes II!may II!be II!a II!cross-reacting II!antigen II!that II!can II!contribute II!to II!triggering: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Rheumatic II!heart II!disease II!Type II! 1 II!diabetes II!results II!from: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Cytotoxic II!T II!cells II!attacking II!β II!cells II!Mycobacterium II!tuberculosis II!may II!be II!a II!cross-reacting II!antigen II!that II!can II!contribute II!to II!triggering: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Rheumatoid II!arthritis
II!The II!main II!reason II!that II!prolonged II!blockage II!of II!the II!blood II!vessel II!by II!an II!obstruction II!isII!a II!problem II!is II!because: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Blood II!cannot II!deliver II!oxygen II!to II!tissues II!and II!the II!muscles II!die II!The II!process II!in II!which II!plaques II!build II!up II!inside II!the II!walls II!of II!arteries, II!either II!reducing II!or II!completely II!blocking II!blood II!flow II!is II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Atherosclerosis II!If II!an II!atherosclerosis II!plaque II!ruptures, II!then: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!The II!plaque II!material II!causes II!blood II!clots II!to II!form II!and II!obstructs II!the II!blood II!vessel II!even II!more II!The II!word II!atherosclerosis II!means: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!hardening II!of II!the II!artery II!The II!fibrous II!cap II!that II!is II!covers II!plaques II!as II!they II!develop II!is II!made II!of: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!smooth II!muscles II!cells II!Put II!the II!following II!steps II!of II!atherosclerosis II!in II!order II!from II!beginning II!to II!end: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!An II!irritant II!damages II!the II!endothelial II!cell II!layer II!of II!the II!blood II!vessel
- II!Cholesterol II!becomes II!deposited II!at II!the II!damaged II!location
- II!Cholesterol II!oxidizes
- II!Recruitment II!of II!monocytes II!to II!the II!endothelium II!occurs
- II!Monocytes II!mature II!into II!macrophages
- II!Macrophages II!ingest II!cholesterol
- II!Macrophages II!become II!full II!of II!cholesterol II!and II!die
- II!Inflammatory II!cytokines II!are II!released
- II!More II!monocytes II!are II!recruited, II!cholesterol II!is II!still II!deposited, II!and II!endothelial II!cells II!continue II!to II!be II!damaged
- II!Smooth II!muscle II!cells II!migrate II!to II!form II!a II!fibrous II!cap II!over II!the II!plaque
- II!The II!body II!of II!the II!plaque II!continues II!to II!grow, II!obstructing II!blood II!flow
II!Plaque II!isII!made II!up II!primarily II!of: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!foam II!cells II!During II!atherosclerosis, II!the II!oxidation II!of II![ II!Select II!] II!causes II!inflammation, II!which II!results II!in II!the II!recruitment II!of II!monocytes II!that II!mature II!into II![ II!Select II!] II!. II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!1. II!cholesterol
- II!macrophages II!Atherosclerosis II!is II!thought II!to II!begin II!with: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Damage II!to II!the II!endothelial II!cell II!layer II!of II!blood II!vessels II!Macrophages II!that II!have II!consumed II!too II!much II!cholesterol II!and II!have II!died II!are II!called: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!foam II!cells II!Which II!of II!these II!can II!serve II!as II!irritants II!to II!damage II!the II!endothelial II!cell II!layer II!in II!blood II!vessels? II!(check II!all II!that II!apply; II! 3 II!answers) II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Toxins, II!for II!example, II!from II!smoking LDLs Chronic II!high II!blood II!pressure II!Your II!total II!cholesterol II!score II!is II!the II!sum II!of: II!- II! II!CorrectII!Answers II! II! II! II!LDLs, II!HDLs, II!and II!triglycerides II!Statins: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!Inhibit II!HMG-CoA II!reductase II!The II!most II!desirable II!total II!cholesterol II!level II!is: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!under II! 200 II!mg/dL II!The II!"packages" II!that II!move II!cholesterol II!in II!the II!blood II!are: II!- II! II!Correct II!Answers II! II! II! II!lipoproteins
