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Benefits of Industrial Agriculture
Increased yields—much more efficient production
“Cheap” food
Large, profitable agricultural industries have thrived
Increased export markets
Image Source: USDA
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Benefits - Marketing - Lecture Slides, Slides of Marketing Management
Marketing is among the core subjects in Management field. In the following Lecture Slides, the Lecturer has put emphasis on these fundamentals of marketing : Benefits, Industrial Agriculture, Increased Yields, Profitable Agricultural, Export Markets, Efficient Production, Productivity, Fertilizers, Pakistan Produced, India Produced
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2012/2013
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Benefits of Industrial Agriculture
Increased yields—much more efficient production “Cheap” food Large, profitable agricultural industries have thrived Increased export markets Image Source: USDA
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Increased Yields
Remarkable increases in productivity For example, U.S. farmers produced 30 bushels of corn per acre in 1920 1999 yields averaged about 134 bushels per acre (350% increase) Last 50 years—increase in agricultural production outpacing population growth; helped reduce hunger and improve diets High-yield varieties and fertilizers—foundation of the Green Revolution Pakistan produced 8.4 million tons grain in 1970, up from 4. million in 1965 India produced 20 million tons in 1970, up from 12.3 million 1965 Credited with saving over 1 billion people from starvation
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Large Agricultural Operations
Large, corporate-controlled, industrialized operations dominate Large, commercial farms account for most farm sales, e.g., Tyson, ConAgra, and Cargill Common model Corporations control genetics, manufacture and distribution of seed, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery; manage through contracts; control the processing, distribution, and, increasingly, marketing and retail
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Export Markets
Production levels that enable exports Major profits, contribute to GDP Brazil agribusiness controls one-third GDP (Bussey) Mexico imported 50% of its wheat in 1944, reached self- sufficiency by 1956 and, by 1964, exported a half-million tons (Grohol) U.S. agriculture passed point of meeting demand for food in U.S. population Photo by pbo31 via flickr.com. Some rights reserved.
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Externalities
Not included in retail price or in analyses of productivity Externalities include Depletion of resources—e.g., fossil fuel, water, soil, and biodiversity Pollution of resources by the products of fuel combustion, pesticides and fertilizers Economic and social costs to communities—e.g., lost property values External costs seldom accounted for in the food’s price Low awareness among consumers
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Environmental Impacts
Water consumed at unsustainable rates Synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers pollute soil, water, and air Soil is eroding much faster than it can be replenished Monocultures erode biodiversity among both plants and animals Photo by tuchodi via flickr.com. Some rights reserved. Photo by Larsz via flickr.com. Some rights reserved.
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Use of Chemicals
Heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides 137 million metric tons of chemical fertilizers used worldwide in 1998 (U.S. agriculture—20 million tons) Crops absorb only one-third to one-half of the nitrogen applied to farmland Tilman Photo by Fire Monkey Fish via flickr.com. Some rights reserved.