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BCHM |\ 270 |\Midterm |\exam |\questions |\with |\
answers
DNA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Nucleotides: |\Composed |\of |\ATGC Double |\stranded Sugar: |\Deoxyribose Overall |\polarity: |\Less |\polar RNA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Nucleotides: |\Composed |\of |\AUGC Single |\stranded Sugar: |\Ribose Overal |\polarity: |\More |\polar Silent |\mutation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Does |\not |\change |\the |
amino |\acid Missense |\mutation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Changes |\the |\amino |
acid Nonsense |\mutation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Premature |\stop |\codon
Frameshift |\mutation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Insertion |\or |\deletion |
of |\nucleotide Southern |\blot |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔DNA; |\detect |\large |\changes |
in |\DNA, |\point |\mutations |\that |\create/destroy |\restriction |\sites Northern |\blot |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔RNA; |\measure |\presence |\and |\relative |\size |\of |\mRNA Western |\plot |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Protein; |\measure |\presence |
and |\relative |\size |\of |\protein Allele |\specific |\oligonucleotides |(ASO) |/ |\probing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔DNA; |\detect |\single |\nucleotide |\differences |\in |\DNA Genotyping |\microarray |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔DNA; |\measure |
many |\genotypes |\at |\once |(You |\are |\looking |\at |\mRNA |\transcripts |
between |\different |\samples) Enzyme-linked |\immunosorbent |\assay |(ELISA) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Protein; |\detect |\proteins |(antigens) |\or |\antibodies |(quantitatively |
determining |\protein |\amount)
Valine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Val; |\V Nonpolar Isoleucine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Ile; |\I Nonpolar Phenylalanine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Phe; |\F Nonpolar Tryptophan |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Trp; |\W Nonpolar Methionine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Met; |\M Nonpolar Proline |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Pro; |\P Nonpolar Serine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Ser; |\S Uncharged |\polar
Threonine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Thr; |\T Uncharged |\polar Tyrosine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Tyr; |\Y Uncharged |\polar Asparagine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Asn; |\N Uncharged |\polar Glutamine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Gln; |\Q Uncharged |\polar Cysteine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Cys; |\C Uncharged |\polar Aspartic |\acid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Asp; |\D Acidic Glutamic |\acid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Glu; |\E Acidic Histidine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔His; |\H
Alpha |\helix |\breakers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔P Bulky |\clusters: |\Y, |\W, |\L, |\V, |\F Charged |\clusters: |\K, |\R, |\H, |\D, |\E Ionizable |\side |\chains |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔R, |\K, |\Y, |\C, |\H, |\E, |\D Scurvy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Caused |\by |\impaired |\hydroxylation |
of |\lysine |\and |\proline |\causing |\unstable |\triple |\helices |\due |\to |\vitamin |
C |\deficiency. Prion |\disease |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Proteins |\are |\refolded |\from |\α- helix |\into |\β-sheet |\form, |\producing |\long |\insoluble |\fibrils |\and |\a |\loss |
of |\function. Alzheimer's |\disease |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Abnormal |\cleavage |\of |
the |\hydrophobic |\section |\of |\a |\protein, |\which |\causes |\aggregation |\into |\long, |\insoluble |\neurotoxic |\fibrils. Ostegenesis |\imperfecta |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Mutation |\of |\Gly-X-Y |\repeating |\sequences |\into |\bulky |\amino |\acids, |\preventing |\assembly |
of |\helices |\into |\a |\mature |\collagen |\fiber |(brittle |\bone |\disease).
Respiratory |\acidosis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Caused |\by |\a |\sharp |
increase |\of |\carbon |\dioxide |\in |\the |\blood. Sickle |\cell |\anemia |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\aggregation |\of |\a |
mutated |\hemoglobin |\protein |\caused |\by |\the |\substitution |\of |\glutamic |\acid |\to |\valine. Ehlers-Danlos |\syndrome |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Proteins |\are |
refolded |\from |\α-helix |\into |\β-sheet |\form, |\producing |\long |\insoluble |
fibrils |\and |\a |\loss |\of |\function. Oxidoreductase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Transfer |\electrons |\between |\molecules; |\catalyze |\oxidation-reduction |\reactions. Transferase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Transfer |\functional |\groups |
between |\molecules. Hydrolyase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Cleaves |\molecules |\by |\the |
addition |\of |\water. Lyase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Adds |\atoms |\or |\functional |\groups |\to |
a |\double |\bond |\or |\removes |\them |\to |\form |\double |\bonds.
Vmax |\decreases Km |\decreases Noncompetitive |\inhibitor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Equal |\affinity |\to |
bind |\to |\both |\substrate |\bound |\and |\free |\enzyme Vmax |\decreases Km |\doesn't |\change Mixed |\inhibitor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Binds |\to |\both |\substrate |
bound |\and |\free |\enzyme, |\but |\favours |\one |\over |\other Vmax |\decreases Km |\increases |\or |\decreases Citrate |\synthase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Activated |\by: |\N/A Inhibited |\by: |\citrate Isocitrate |\dehydrogenase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Activated |\by: |
ADP, |\Ca2+ Inhibited |\by: |\ATP, |\NADH α-ketoglutarate |\dehydrogenase |\complex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Activated |\by: |\Ca2+ Inhibited |\by: |\NADH, |\succinyl |\CoA
Protein |\synthesis: a) |\Is |\the |\transcription |\of |\DNA |\to |\protein b) |\Occurs |\in |\the |\nucleus c) |\Involves |\the |\translation |\of |\mRNA |\into |\protein. d) |\Does |\not |\require |\ATP |\and |\GTP |\as |\energy |\sources. e) |\Has |\the |\codon |\CTA |\as |\the |\first |\amino |\acid |\translated. |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔c) Polymerase |\chain |\reaction |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Involves |
denaturing |\the |\target |\DNA. Involves |\annealing |\of |\two |\primers |\to |\single |\stranded |\DNA. Involves |\chain |\extension |\with |\DNA |\polymerase. May |\be |\used |\for |\forensic |\analysis |\of |\DNA |\samples. Translation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Describes |\the |\synthesis |\of |
proteins. Requires |\amino |\acid. Requires |\mRNA. Which |\of |\the |\following |\are |\true |\for |\amino |\acids |\that |\have |\nonpolar |\side |\chains? a) |\They |\do |\not |\bind |\or |\release |\protons
a) |\The |\3-D |\fold |\of |\myoglobin. b) |\The |\tetrameric |\structure |\of |\hemoglobin. c) |\The |\Gly-X-Y |\sequence |\of |\collagen d) |\A |\beta |\barrel. e) |\An |\beta-sheet |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔d) A |\mutation |\in |\hemoglobin |\has |\been |\discovered |\that |\abolishes |\the |
ability |\for |\the |\protein to |\undergo |\the |\conformational |\change |\from |\the |\tense |\state |\to |\the |
relaxed |\state. |\What |\effect |\will |\this |\have |\on |\oxygen |\binding |\of |
hemoglobin? a) |\The |\mutant |\will |\have |\an |\increased |\affinity |\for |\oxygen. b) |\The |\mutant |\will |\have |\a |\decreased |\affinity |\for |\oxygen. c) |\There |\will |\be |\an |\increase |\in |\the |\sigmoidal |\nature |\of |\the |\binding |
curve. d) |\The |\mutant |\will |\be |\less |\likely |\to |\release |\oxygen |\in |\the |\tissues. e) |\None |\of |\the |\above. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔b) Collagen |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Contains |\a |\high |\proportion |\of |
hydroxylated |\proline |\residues. A |\fibrous |\protein. |
The |\most |\abundant |\protein |\in |\the |\body. |
Triple |\helix |\structure.
The |\structure |\is |\stabilized |\by |\hydrogen |\bonds |\between |\helices. ATP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Synthesis |\occurs |\in |\the |\mitochondrion. Synthesis |\involves |\electrical |\and |\pH |\gradients. Enzymes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Lower |\the |\free |\energy |\of |
activation |\of |\a |\chemical |\reaction. Do |\not |\change |\the |\free |\energies |\of |\the |\substrate(s) |\and |\product(s). Do |\not |\change |\the |\equilibrium |\of |\the |\chemical |\reaction |\they |
catalyze. Are |\not |\consumed |\during |\the |\chemical |\reaction |\they |\catalyze. Electron |\transport |\chain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Is |\usually |\coupled |\with |\proton |\transport |\from |\the |\matrix |\to |\the |\intermembrane |
space. Occurs |\in |\all |\tissues |\that |\contain |\mitochondria. Occurs |\in |\the |\inner |\mitochondrial |\membrane. Describes |\the |\flow |\of |\electrons |\to |\oxygen. Oxidative |\phosphorylation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Explains |\how |
free |\energy |\from |\the |\electron |\transport |\chain |\is |\used |\to |\produce |
ATP. Involves |\electrical |\and |\pH |\gradients
Northern |\blot |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Similar |\to |\a |\Southern |\blot, |
this |\blotting |\technique |\uses |\isolated |\RNA |\and |\probes |\to |\detect |
gene |\expression Hydrogen |\bonds |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Responsible |\for |\stabilizing |\secondary |\structure, |\this |\type |\of |\noncovalent |\interaction |\is |
considered |\the |\most |\important |\in |\biochemistry Residue |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Amino |\acids |\with |\in |\a |\peptide |
bond |\as |\they |\are |\the |\result |\of |\a |\dehydration |\reaction Irreversible |(or |\suicide) |\inhibition |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔This |\type |\of |\inhibition |\causes |\the |\inhibitor |\to |\permanently |\bond |\to |\the |
enzyme, |\normally |\at |\the |\active |\site NADH |\and |\FADH2 |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔These |\molecules |\are |
used |\to |\provide |\high |\energy |\electrons |\to |\the |\electron |\transport |
chain CRISPR-Cas9 |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔This |\technique |\allows |\for |\the |
correction |\of |\mutations |\in |\genomic |\DNA |\in |\living |\cells
A |\prion |\disease |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔This |\infectious |\disease |\is |
caused |\by |\a |\secondary |\structure |\change, |\and |\is |\spread |\by |
infectious |\proteins |\which |\interact |\with |\normally |\folded |\proteins |\and |\refold |\them |\to |\the |\disease |\form Tyrosine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔This |\aromatic |\amino |\acid, |
abbreviated |\Y, |\is |\one |\of |\the |\three |\residues |\that |\can |\be |
phosphorylated Heterotropic |\inhibitors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔These |\effectors |\are |
often |\downstream |\products |\of |\the |\metabolic |\pathway Oxygen |(O2) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\final |\donor |\of |\the |
electron |\transport |\chain, |\its |\absence |\prevents |\the |\cell |\from |\using |
oxidative |\phosphorylation, |\and |\prevents |\production |\of |\ATP Western |\blots |& |\ELISA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔These |\two |
techniques |\rely |\on |\antibodies |\to |\detect |\the |\protein |\of |\interest Primary |\structure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\ability |\of |\the |\protein |\Ribonuclease |\to |\be |\denatured |\by |\heat, |\then |\refold |\to |\its |\functional |\form |\by |\cooling |\is |\an |\example |\that |\this |\type |\of |\protein |\structure |
contains |\all |\the |\information |\necessary |\for |\a |\protein |\to |\fold
