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BCHM |\ 270 |\midterm |\ 1 |\QUESTIONS |\WITH |\
ANSWERS
Nucleotide |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\building |\block |\of |\DNA/ |\RNA |
consisting |\of |\a |\five-carbon |\sugar |\covalently |\bonded |\to |\a |
nitrogenous |\base |\and |\a |\phosphate |\group. nucletic |\acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Composed |\of |\nucleotides Central |\Dogma |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Information |\that |\flows |
from |\DNA |\to |\RNA |\to |\protein. |\Can |\then |\be |\made |\into |\functional |
protein central |\dogma |\process |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔DNA |-> |\RNA |-> |
Protein |- |\1. |\replication |\2. |\Transcription |\3. |\Translation DNA |\mutations |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔permanent |\change |\in |\DNA |
sequence Mutations: |\Small |\Scale |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Silent |- |\no |
changes |\in |\amino |\acid |\sequence |\
- |\Missense |- |\changes |\in |\amino |\acid |\sequence, |\results |\in |\addition |
of |\amino |\acids |\
- |\Nonsense |- |\premature |\stop |\codon. |\Early |\termination |\of |
translation - |\Frame |\shift |- |\changes |\in |\amino |\acid |\sequence |\in |\every |\codon |
beyond |\this |\location functional |\mutations |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Affects |\the |\ability |\for |
protein |\to |\function. |\Gain |\or |\loss |\of |\function. BT: |\methods |\restriction |\endnucleases |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Enzymes |\that |\cleave |\or |\cut |\double |\standard |\DNA. |\Used |\to |
identify |\or |\eliminate |\foreign |\DNA |\from |\invaders |\such |\as |\virus. BT: |\methods |\gel |\electrophoresis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Separates |
molecules |\by |\charge. |\RNA |\and |\rna |\can |\be |\separated |\by |\using |
agarose |\or |\polyacrylamide |\gels, |\with |\an |\electric |\field. BT: |\DNA |\cloning |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Isolated |\DNA |\sequence |
introduce |\to |\a |\cell |\to |\amplify |\the |\DNA |\sequence BT: |\DNA |\probes |\are |\used |\to |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Target |\DNA |
sequence |\of |\interest BT: |\northern |\blotting |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Detect |\and |\show |
RNA |\sequence, |\preformed |\from |\isolated |\mRNA
Joined |\together |\by |\peptide |\bonds |\that |\form |\between |\the |\carboxyl |
group |\of |\one |\amine |\acid |\and |\the |\amino |\group |\of |\another |\amino |
acid non |\polar |\amino |\acids |(don't |\gain |\or |\lose |\protons, |\ie |\H+, |\can't |\form |\hydrogen |\or |\ionic |\bonds. |\Hydrophobic. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Glycine: |\GLY, |\G |\smallest |\side |\chain |(hydrogen). |\Add |\flexibility |\to |
a |\peptide |\chain. |
Alanine |\ALA |\A Valine, |\VAL |\V Leucine, |\LEU |\L |\and |\Isoleucine, |\Ile |\I |\both |\have |\side |\chains |
containing |\c |\and |\h |
Methionine, |\Met |\M, |\contains |\wilder |\along |\with |\carbon |\and |
hydrogen |\in |\its |\side |\chain |
Phenylalanine, |\Phe |\F, |\and |\Tryptophan, |\Trp |\W |\both |\contain |\benzene |
rings |\and |\are |\aromatic. |
Proline, |\pro |\p, |\only |\amino |\acid |\that |\has |\its |\R-group |\bound |\to |\its |\a- amino |\group. |\ 5 |\membered |\ring, |\ridged |\can |\create |\a |\kink |\within |\the |\amino |\acid |\chain |(protein |\kink) Uncharged |\Amino |\Acids |(hydrophilic) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔No |
net |\charge |\at |\physiological |\ph |(7), |\r-groups |\don't |\form |\salt |\bridges |
(electrostatic |\interactions), |\CAN |\form |\H |\bonds, |\chain |\found |\outside |
soluble |\proteins |\
serine, |\Ser |\S, |\and |\threonine, |\thr, |\T |\have |\hydroxyl |(OH) |\groups |\that |
can |\form |\H-bonds |
Tyrosine, |\try |\Y, |\has |\hydroxyl |(OH), |\can |\form |\hydrogen |\bond. |
Benzene |\ring, |\making |\it |\an |\Aromatic |\amino |\acid. |
Asparagine, |\ASN |\N, |\and |\glutamine, |\GLN, |\Q |\have |\carbonyl |(c=o) |\and |\amine |(NH2) |\that |\both |\form |\H |\bonds |\an |\dipole |\interactions |
Cysteine, |\Cys |\C, |\thiol |\group |\as |\it's |\side |\chain |(-SH) |\can |\form |
disulphide |\bonds |\with |\each |\other Acidic |\amino |\acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔aspartic |\acid, |\Asp |\D glutamic |\acid |\Glu |\E |
Negatively |\charged |\and |\phys |\pH, |\can |\form |\salt |\bridges |\with |
positive |\molecules basic |\amino |\acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔lysine, |\Lys |\K, |\and |
arginine, |\arg |\R, |\pos |\charge. |\allows |\for |\interaction |\with |\neg |
molecule |
histidine |\HIs |\H, |\involved |\in |\acid/ |\base |\catalysis, |\positively |\charged amino |\acid |\groups |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A-amino |\group- |\bound |
directly |\to |\a |\carbon A- |\carboxyl |\group |- |\lose |\H, |\giving |\a |\negative |\charge |\
Acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔proton |\donors, |\low |\pka, |\negative |
charge, |
Lower |\ph What |\happenes |\when |\a |\base |\is |\added |\to |\a |\buffered |\soliton |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Strong |\base |\will |\attach |\free |\protons, |\lose |\a |
proton |\when |\base |\was |\added |\to |\form |\new |\molecule, |\disassociate |
weak |\acid |\molecule |\to |\release |\proton, |\which |\when |\then |\bring |\it |
back |\to |\regular |\concentration Buffers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Molecules |\that |\make |\solutions |
resistant |\to |\changes |\in |\pH, |\which |\there's |\changes |\in |\pH noncovalent |\interactions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Weak |\interactions, |\not |\strong |\enough |\on |\their |\own |\but |\combine |\to |\find |\stronger |
interactions Includes |
Side |\chains |\stabilize |\tertiary |\and |\quantary |\structure |
Secondary |\structure |\backbone |\on |\h |\bonds misfolded |\proteins |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Proteins |\aren't |\removed |\or |\degraded |
serious |\problem |\in |\cells |- |\can |\lead |\to |\alzheimers, |\prions
collagen |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Fibrous |\protein |\that |\in |\connective |\tissues |\and |\skin |
Triple |\helix |(glycine) |
most |\abundant |\protein |\in |\body Fibres |\are |\formed |\by |\polypeptide |\chains |
and |\tensile |\strength quaternary |\structure Globular |\Hemeproteins |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Proteins |\that |
contain |\heme |\as |\a |\tightly |\bound |\prosthetic |\group Role |\of |\heme |\is |\dictated |\by |\the |\environment |\created |\by |\protein Contains |\hemeoglobin |\and |\myogglobin Hemoglobin |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔An |\iron-containing |\protein |\in |
red |\blood |\cells |\that |\reversibly |\binds |\oxygen. Has |\ 2 |\a |\and |\ 2 |\b |\chains |
4 |\peptide |\chaina Myoglobin |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔stores |\oxygen |\in |\muscle |\cells, |
increase |\O2 |\delivery |\to |\muscles |
Single |\peptide |\chain Non |\polar |\amino |\acids |\with |\a |\polar |\exterior |
Here |\bidning |\and |\reversible |\binding |\of |\O
Ethers |\Danlos |\Syndrome |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Proteins |\refilled |
from |\a |\helix |\into |\b |\sheet |\form, |\long |\insoluble |\fibrils peptide |\bond |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Partial |\double |\bond, |\doesn't |
have |\a |\classic |\or |\single |\bond, |\rigid, |\strong, |
Unstable |\at |\ 110 |\degrees |\with |\strong |\acid |\or |\base noncovalent |\interactions: |\electrostatic |(ionic |\or |\salt |\bridges) |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Pro |\and |\neg |\charge |\reactions, |\like |\charges |
will |\repel |\each |\other noncovalent |\interactions: |\molecular |\dipoles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Asymmetrical |\distribution |\of |\charge, |\one |\atom |\being |\slightly |\pos |\and |\other |\being |\slightly |\negative Hydrogen |\acceptor non-covalent |\interactions: |\polar |\interactions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Large |\dipole-dipole |\between |\molecules, |\asymmetric |\distribution non-covalent |\hydrogen |\bonds |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Most |
important, |\h |\bound |\to |\electrostatic |\atom, |\form |\with |\polar |\mol, hydrophobic |\interactions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Can't |\interact |\with |\other |\polar |\molecules, |\non |\polar
Bases |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔proton |\acceptors |(H+) |\positive |
charge. |\High |\pka |
Higher |\ph Helix |\breakers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Valine |\tryptophan |\tyrosine |
leucine |\and |\phenylalanine Motifs |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\combination |\of |\secondary |
structure |\bonding |\that |\forms |\characteristic |\patterns |\within |\protein |
strucure, |\such |\as |\the |\alpha-helix |\and |\the |\beta-pleated |\sheet Gibs |\free |\energy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Determines |\if |\a |\reaction |
is |\spontaneous allosteric |\enzymes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Key |\enzyme |\in |
regulatory |\pathway, |\multiple |\active |\sites |\and |\distinct |\regulatory |
sites |
Regulated |\by |\products |\and |\pathways |\they |\control |
Sigmoidal |\curve, |\can |\regulate |\each |\other Michaels-Menten |\Equation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔v |= |\Vmax[S] |/ |
Km |+ |[S]
noncompetitive: |\DECREASES |\vmax |\no |\change |\in |\km, |\equilibrium |\is |
maintained. |\Bind |\to |\e |\and |\the |\es |\equally |
Mixed: |\always |\DECREASE, |\km |\can |\increase |\or |\decrease. |\Bind |\to |\free |\e |\or |\substrate |\bound |\state Anabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Consumes |\atp |; |\the |\process |\of |
building |\up |\larger |\molecules |\from |\smaller |\ones. Catabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Metabolic |\pathways |\that |\break |
down |\macromolecules, |\releasing |\stored |\energy |\that's |\stored |\as |\ATP Insulin |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\protein |\hormone |\secreted |\by |\the |\pancreas Used |\as |\storage |\for |\energy |\regulation |\of |\glucose |\levels |\in |\the |\blood. Anabolic |\hormone Stimulates |\synthesis |\of |\new |\proteins, |\fats |\and |\carbs Glucagon |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Released |\when |\glucose |\levels |
fall, |\stimulates |\catabolic |\pathways |
Carechollamine |\hormones |\are |\stimulated |
pancreatic |\alpha |\cells |\that |\increases |\blood |\glucose |\concentration
ATP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Primary |\energy |\source Adenosine |\mol, |\ribose |\sugar, |\a |\chain |\of |\three |\phosphates |
Has |\ 2 |\high |\energy |\phosphate |\bonds GTP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Identica |\to |\atp |\but |\adenosine |\is |
replacer |\with |\guanosine |
Source |\when |\atp |\is |\low Used |\to |\generate |\new |\cells ADP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\lower-energy |\molecule |\that |\can |\be |
converted |\into |\ATP |\by |\the |\addition |\of |\a |\phosphate |\group 3rd |\phosphate |\removed |\from |\atp |\adp |\is |\formed NADH |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\reduced |\form |\of |\NAD+; |\an |
electron-carrying |\molecule |\that |\functions |\in |\cellular |\respiration NAD+ |\adds |\an |\H |\ion |\and |\ 2 |\electrons |\for |\NADH Entering |\etc |\can |\produce |\ 3 |\ATP NADP+ |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Synthesis |\reactions, |\anabolic |
process |
Generate |\new |\molecules
electron |\transport |\chain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\sequence |\of |
electron |\carrier |\molecules |(membrane |\proteins) |\that |\shuttle |
electrons |\during |\the |\redox |\reactions |\that |\release |\energy |\used |\to |
make |\ATP. Use |\electron |\carriers |(NADH |\AND |\FADH) |\to |\pump |\protons |\into |\inter |\membrane |\space |
Occurs |\in |\all |\tissues |\of |\the |\mitochondria TCA |\cycle |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Producer |\of |\high |\energy |
electrons |\for |\ETC |\IN |\OP produces |\ 3 |\NADH |\ 1 |\FADH |\AND |\ 1 |\GTP AcetylCOA |\main |\substrate |\that |\emery's |\form |\glycolysis |
Converts |\acetylcoA |\to |\ 2 |\CO2 |\and |\generates |\ 2 |\high |\energy |\electrons Complex |\ 1 |\of |\ETC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Uses |\ 2 |\electrons |\from |
NADH |\to |\pump |\ 4 |\protons Complex |\ 2 |\of |\ETC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Passes |\electrons |\from |
FADH |\to |\ETC Complex |\ 3 |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Uses |\electrons |\from |\both |\NADH |\AND |\FADH |\to |\pump |\protons
Complex |\ 4 |\of |\ETC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Uses |\ 4 |\electrons |\from |
complex |\ 3 |\to |\pump |\ 4 |\protons |\from |\matrix And |\ 4 |\protons |\and |\ 2 |\O2 |\to |\form |\water |\in |\matrix ATP |\synthase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Required |\for |\oxidative |
phosphorylation |
Bind |\ADP |\To |\Pi |\and |\converts |\them |\to |\atp, |\then |\releases |\atp FADH2 |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\molecule |\that |\stores |\energy |\for |
harvest |\by |\the |\electron |\transport |\chain. |\Entering |\etc |\can |\produce |\ 2 |
ATP
