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BCHM |\ 270 |- |\FINAL |\EXAM |\QUESTIONS |\
WIT |\ANSWERS
Different |\types |\of |\RNA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\tRNA: |\carries |
amino |\acids |\to |\the |\ribosomes
- |\rRNA: |\makes |\up |\the |\ribosomes
- |\mRNA: |\translated |\into |\amino |\acid |\sequences |\to |\make |\peptides |
and |\proteins Replication |(Central |\Dogma) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\DNA |\helicase |\unwinds |\DNA
- |\RNA |\primers |\goes |\on |\
- |\SSB |\protect |\DNA
- |\DNA |\polymerase |\reads |\from |\3' |\to |\5'
- |\lagging |\strand |\is |\built |\in |\fragments Transcription |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\RNA |\polymerase |\transcribes |\from |\gene |\into |\RNA
- |\reads |\from |\3' |\to |\5'
- |\mostly |\makes |\mRNA |\which |\is |\then |\sent |\to |\the |\cytosol
Sites |\on |\the |\large |\subunit |\of |\ribosome |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |
Acceptor |\site: |\tRNA |\first |\attach |\to |\ribosome
- |\Peptides |\site: |\amino |\acid |\is |\removed |\from |\tRNA |\and |\added |\to |
peptide - |\Exit |\site: |\tRNA |\is |\ejected |\and |\polypeptide |\is |\released 3 |\steps |\of |\translation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Initiation: |\AUG
- |\Elongation: |\adds |\amino |\acids |\to |\the |\COOH |\end
- |\Termination: |\stop |\codon |\is |\reached Restriction |\endonucleases |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\recognize |
palindromic |\sequences
- |\allow |\DNA |\cloning DNA |\cloning |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\express |\DNA |\sequence
- |\allow |\for |\mutations |+ |\manipulation DNA |\probes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔bind |+ |\label |\sequences |(DNA) Southern |\Blots |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔size |+ |\presence |\of |\a |
sequence |\of |\DNA PCR |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\rapid |\amplification
Antibodies |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔specific |\for |\proteins |\or |
macromolecules |\of |\interest Western |\blots |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔size |+ |\relative |\amount |\of |
proteins ELISA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔quantitative |\amount |\of |\protein Activity |\assays |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔measures |\enzyme |\activity, |
not |\just |\presence Nonpolar |\amino |\acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\Glycine |(G), |
Alanine |(A), |\Valine |(V), |\Leucine |(L), |\Isoleucine |(I), |\Phenylalanine |(F), |
Tryptophan |(W), |\Methionine |(M), |\Proline |(P)
- |\interact |\with |\each |\other |\in |\aqueous |\environment
- |\cannot |\gain |\or |\lose |\protons, |\form |\H |\bonds, |\or |\electrostatic |
interactions Uncharged |\polar |\amino |\acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\no |\salt |
bridges |\can |\form, |\only |\H |\bonds - |\serine |(S), |\threonine |(T), |\cysteine |(C), |\tyrosine |(Y), |\asparagine |(N), |
glutamine |(Q) - |\Y |\and |\C |\can |\lose |\H+ |\at |\alkaline |\pH
Acidic |\side |\chains |\amino |\acids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\aspartic |
acid |(D) |\and |\glutamic |\acid |(E)
- |\can |\form |\salt |\bridges |\with |\positive Basic |\side |\chain |\amino |\acid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\lysine |(K), |
histidine |(H), |\arginine |(R) - |\nitrogens |\can |\form |\a |\positive |\charge Amino |\acids |\as |\weak |\acids/bases |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\free |
amino |\acids |\have |\ 2 |\ionizable |\groups |(COOH |\and |\NH3) - |\R |\groups |\of |\acidic |\and |\basic |\amino |\acids |+ |\tyrosine |\and |\cysteine |
(in |\basic |\solutions) |\can |\also |\be |\ionized bicarbonate |\buffer |\system |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔CO2 |+ |\H2O |<-> |
H2CO3 |<-> |\HCO3- |+ |\H+ |
CO2 |\when |\pH |\is |\low ⍺-helix |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\H |\bond |\forms |\between |\carbonyl |
O |\and |\amide |\H - |\similar |\groupings |\on |\same |\face |\is |\common
- |\broken |\by |\Tyr, |\Phe, |\Trp, |\Pro |\and |\Leu, |\or |\groups |\of |\charged |
residues |\in |\one |\place
Active |\site |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\binding |\site: |\binds |\and |\orients
- |\catalytic |\site: |\lowers |\activation |\energy Gibbs |\free |\energy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\positive: |\needs |\energy
- |\negative: |\spontaneous
- |\0: |\equilibrium Allosteric |\enzymes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-multiple |\binding |\sites |
-alternate |\b/w |\active |\and |\inactive - |\committed |\step
- |\regulated |\by |\products
- |\hill |\equation Km |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\high: |\low |\affinity |\for |\substrate
- |\low: |\high |\affinity |\for |\substrate
- |\substrate |\concentration |\at |\1/2 |\Vmax Lineweaver-Burk |\Plot |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\1/vmax |\is |\y |
intercept - |\1/Km |\is |\x |\intercept
Hill |\constant |(n) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\n<1: |\negative |
cooperation
- |\n |= |\1: |\michaelis-menten
- |\n>1: |\positive |\cooperation Competitive |\inhibitors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\bind |\to |\active |\site
- |\increase |\Km |\but |\do |\not |\change |\Vmax
- |\L.B |\plot: |\scissors Uncompetitive |\inhibitors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\bind |\to |\ES |
complex - |\Km |\and |\Vmax |\decrease
- |\parallel |\L.B |\plot Noncompetitive |\inhibitors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\bind |\to |\E |\or |\ES
- |\decrease |\Vmax |\but |\do |\not |\change |\Km
- |\L.B |\plot: |\V |\shape Cytosol |(6) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔glycolysis, |\PPP, |\FA |\synthesis, |
protein |\synthesis, |\proteasomes, |\lysosomes Golgi |\body |(1) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔glycosylation
- |\generates |\heat Oligomycin |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\blocks |\proton |\channel |\in |\ATP |
synthase |(F0) - |\no |\ATP |\made
- |\ETC |\eventually |\stops |\as |\concentration |\in |\intermembrane |\space |\is |
too |\great Synthetic |\uncouplers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔uncouple |\oxidative |
phosphorylation |\by |\diffusing |\through |\the |\membrane |\and |\allowing |
ETC |\electrons |\to |\move |\through |\without |\pumping |\protons Why |\are |\carbohydrates |\the |\preferred |\energy |\source? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔they |\are |\water-soluble, |\making |\them |\easier |\to |
transport |\than |\lipids Digestion |\of |\carbohydrates |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\begins |\in |\the |
mouth |\with |\salivary |\a-amylase - |\disaccharide |\specific |\enzymes |\complete |\digestion |\in |\small |\intestine |(brush |\border |\enzymes)
- |\deficiencies |\in |\brush |\border |\enzymes |\result |\in |\intolerance Glucose |\homeostasis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\broken |\down: |
glycogen |\synthesis |\and |\glycolysis
- |\produced: |\glycogen |\breakdown |(fast); |\diet |(1st |\choice), |\and |
gluconeogenesis |(slow) Glycolysis |\substrate |\and |\product |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |
substrate: |\glucose - |\products |(aerobic): |\ 2 |\pyruvate; |\2ATP, |\ 2 |\NADH
- |\products |(anaerobic): |\ 2 |\lactate Regulatory |\steps |\of |\glycolysis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |
glucokinase/hexokinase: |\inhibited |\by |\G6P |\and |\glucagon; |\activated |
by |\insulin
- |\PFK1: |\inhibited |\by |\ATP, |\citrate, |\and |\glucagon; |\activated |\by |\AMP, |
fructose |\2,6-bisphosphate, |\and |\insulin - |\pyruvate |\kinase: |\inhibited |\by |\glucagon; |\activated |\by |\fructose |\1,6- bisphosphate |\and |\insulin Defective |\pyruvate |\kinase |\activity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\causes: |
changes |\in |\Km |\or |\Vmax |\for |\enzyme |\substrates |\or |\coenzymes; |
alteration |\in |\enzyme |\gene |\expression |\or |\enzyme |\stability; |\abnormal |\response |\to |\activator |\fructose |\1,2-bisphosphate
- |\gets |\rid |\of |\RBCs |\too |\fast |\to |\produce |\so |\it |\causes |\hemolytic |
anemia
PFK-2 |\in |\regulation |\of |\glycolysis |\and |\gluconeogenesis |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\has |\a |\PFK-2 |(kinase) |\domain |\and |\a |\FBPase-2 |
(phosphatase) |\domain
- |\when |\ 1 |\domain |\is |\active |\the |\other |\is |\not
- |\kinase |\domain |\phosphorylates |\fructose |\6-phosphate |\to |\form |
fructose |\2,6-bisphosphate |(activates |\glycolysis) - |\phosphatase |\domain |\dephosphorylates |\fructose |\2,6-bisphosphate |
back |\to |\fructose |\6-phosphate |(activates |\gluconeogenesis) - |\kinase |\domain |\is |\phosphorylated |\and |\inhibited |\when |\blood |
glucose |\levels |\are |\low - |\when |\glucose |\is |\high |\PFK-2 |\is |\dephosphorylated |\activating |\it Glycogen |\synthesis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\substrate: |\UDP- glucose
- |\glycogen |\synthase: |\activated |\by |\G6P, |\ATP, |\and |\insulin; |\inhibited |\by |
glucagon Glycogen |\degradation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\glycogen |
phosphorylase: |\activated |\by |\glucagon; |\inhibited |\by |\G6P, |\ATP, |\and |
insulin Pentose |\Phosphate |\Pathway |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\substrate: |
G6P - |\products: |\1CO2, |\and |\ 2 |\reduced |\NADPH
- |\provides |\majority |\of |\NADPH |\supply |\and |\ribose |\5-phosphate |\for |
nucleotide |\synthesis - |\NADPH |\is |\used |\in |\biosynthesis |(FA) |\and |\detoxification |(protect |
against |\ROS) Regulation |\of |\PPP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔NADPH |\inhibits |\G6PD Glutathione |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\neutralizes |\peroxide, |\drug |
free |\radicals - |\glutathione |\reductase |\to |\reduce |\for |\further |\reactions, |\using |
NADPH. Oxygen-dependent |\bactericide |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |
phagocytosis |\of |\pathogens |\by |\immune |\cells |\are |\destroyed |\this |\way - |\e- |\from |\NADPH |\are |\transferred |\to |\O2 |\by |\NADH |\oxidase |\to |\form |
superoxide, |\then |\converted |\to |\H2O - |\combined |\w/ |\chloride |\ion |\to |\form |\hypochlorous |\acid |(bleach). |\kills |
bacteria G6PD |\deficiency |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\Low |\NADPH |\leads |\to |
hemolytic |\anemia |(free |\radicals); |\can't |\detoxify |\oxidizing |\agents |
properly - |\Heinz |\bodies |(insoluble |\masses) |\produced |\in |\RBCs |(no |\alternate |
NADPH |\source) |\due |\to |\inability |\to |\maintain |\glutathione
- |\LDL |\precursor LDL |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\B-
- |\composed |\of |\CE, |\PL
- |\origin |\is |\IDL
- |\cholesterol |\transport HDL |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\A, |\C, |\E
- |\composed |\of |\CE |(PL)
- |\origin |\is |\liver |\and |\intestine
- |\reverse |\cholesterol |\transport Lingual |\lipase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\comes |\from |\lingual |\glands |
in |\mouth - |\substrate: |\dietary |\TAG
- |\product: |\diglyceride |\and |\FFA Gastric |\lipase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\comes |\from |\stomach
- |\substrate: |\dietary |\TAG
- |\product: |\diglyceride |\and |\FFA Pancreatic |\lipase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\comes |\from |\pancreas
- |\substrate: |\dietary |\and |\other |\TAG |\and |\DAG
- |\product: |\2-monoglyceride |\and |\FFA Lipoprotein |\lipase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\source: |\most |\tissues
- |\substrate: |\TAG |\of |\LP |\in |\lipoprotein |\particles
- |\product: |\glycerol |\and |\FFA Hormone |\sensitive |\lipase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\source: |
adipocytes - |\substrate: |\TAG |\stored |\in |\adipose |\cells
- |\product: |\glycerol |\and |\FFA FA |\synthesis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\uses |\ATP |\and |\NADPH
- |\happens |\when |\energy |\rich TAG |\synthesis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\uses |\NADH |\and |\ATP
- |\happens |\when |\energy |\rich Cholesterol |\synthesis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\uses |\NADPH |\and |
ATP - |\happens |\when |\low |\cholesterol
Steatorrhea |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔lipid |\malabsorption |\due |\to |\loss |\of |\bile |\salts |\or |\lipases Atherosclerosis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔oxidized |\LDL |\leads |\to |
development |\of |\macrophage |\foam |\cells |\and |\fatty |\plaques Cholelithiasis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔cholesterol |\forms |\gallstones |
due |\to |\insufficient |\bile |\salts Hypercholesteremia |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔lack |\of |\LDL |\receptor |\or |\overproduction |\of |\cholesterol |\leads |\to |\cardiovascular |\disease Hypertriacylglycerolemia |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔lipoprotein |\lipase |
or |\Apo |\C-I |\deficiency |\prevents |\breakdown |\of |\TAG Eicosanoids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\FAs |\20+ |\carbons |\long
- |\derived |\from |\arachidonic |\acid
- |\inflammation, |\pain |\perception, |\allergy, |\fever, |\immune |\response, |
cell |\growth, |\BP |\regulation B-oxidation |\energy |\yield |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔EY |= |\17(N/2 |- |\1) |+ |\ 12 |- |\ 2
Lipid |\synthesis |\sources |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\NADPH |\from |\PPP
- |\pyruvate |\from |\glycolysis |(citrate |\made |\into |\A-CoA |\and |\OAA)
- |\OAA |\→ |\malate |\→ |\pyruvate |\→ |\NADPH
- |\NADPH |+ |\cytosolic |\A-CoA |\→ |\FAs Ketoacidosis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\excessive |\production |\of |
ketones, |\making |\the |\blood |\acidic - |\in |\uncontrolled |\T1 |\diabetes; |\no |\insulin |= |\fat |\degradation |= |\ketone |
overproduction |\→ |\acidosis |\ - |\fruity |\breath, |\dehydration |(due |\to |\glucose/ketone |\excretion), |\low |
blood |\pH - |\coma, |\death |\if |\untreated Dietary |\protein |\digestion |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\stomach: |\HCl |
and |\pepsin - |\pancreatic |\proteases |(S.I): |\trypsin |\and |\chymotrypsin
- |\peptidases |\on |\S.I: |\break |\down |\peptides |\to |\amino |\acids |\which |\are |
released |\into |\blood acute |\pancreatitis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\pancreas |\cannot |
secrete |\enzymes - |\zymogens |\are |\activated |\and |\attack |\pancreatic |\tissue
