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A comprehensive set of review questions and detailed answers for bch 367 exam 1. It covers key concepts in biochemistry, including biomolecules, central dogma, cell structures, and types of bonds. Well-organized and provides clear explanations for each question, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for the exam.
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All biomolecules can be divided into just ________ main categories - ANSWER- four Over _______ of the human body is made up of H, O, C, and N - ANSWER- 99% Proteins Structure - ANSWER- linear polymer that folds into 3D structure Monomers of proteins - ANSWER- Amino Acids Polymer bonds in protein - ANSWER- Peptide bond Major functions of proteins - ANSWER- Signals, receptors, strucutre, mobility, defense, catalysis, etc. Nucleic acids structure - ANSWER- Linear polymer that forms predictable base pairs Monomers of nucleic acids - ANSWER- nucleotides Name of polymer bond in nucleic acids - ANSWER- Phosphodiester bond Major functions of nucleic acids - ANSWER- Information storage and transfer Lipids Structure - ANSWER- Dual chemical character with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Major Functions of Lipids - ANSWER- Fuel storage, signaling, and barriers Carbohydrates Structure - ANSWER- Diverse structures, can form branched polymers Monomers in carbohydrates - ANSWER- Monosaccharides
Major functions of carbohydrates - ANSWER- Fuel, cell identification, cell-to-cell interaction sites
Central dogma - ANSWER- describes the basic principles of biological information transfer & specifies the process through which we go from genetic information of DNA to the proteins that perform so many cellular functions Information Flow in Central Dogma - ANSWER- Dna - > (transcription) RNA - > (translation) Protein In replication.... - ANSWER- Input Biomolecule = DNA ; Output Biomolecule = DNA ; Enzyme = DNA Polymerase In transcription... - ANSWER- Input Biomolecule = DNA ; Output Biomolecule = RNA ; Enzyme = RNA Polymerase In translation... - ANSWER- Input Biomolecule = RNA ; Output Biomolecule = Protein ; Enzyme = Ribosome
Fucntion of nucleus - ANSWER- The information center that holds the DNA of the organism ; Nuclear pores enable transport in and out
Function of Mitochondria - ANSWER- Energy production centers that produce ATP through respiration
Function of Chloroplasts - ANSWER- Photosynthesis centers that convert light to chemical energy ; Only in plants and algae
Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER- Membraous sack used for processing exogenous chemicals ; Smooth, no ribosomes
Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER- ER where proteins destined for cellular membrances or for secretion are synthesized ; Rough due to ribosomes
Function of Golgi Complex - ANSWER- Stacked membranes involved in protein sorting and preparation of secretory granules
What are Van der Waals interactions? - ANSWER- Very weak interactions that result from transient asymmetries in charge distribution ; Assymetries include partial positive and negative charges Mechanism of covalent bonds - ANSWER- Shared electrons Charge magnitude of covalent bonds (S/M/L) - ANSWER- Large, about 0.5 electrons Bond distance of covalent bonds (in Angstroms) - ANSWER- Small Bond energy in covalent bonds (in kiloJoules per mole) - ANSWER- Strong Mechanism of Ionic Bonds - ANSWER- attraction of oppositely charges ions Charge magnitude of ionic bonds - ANSWER- Large, at least 1 electron Bond distance of Ionic Bonds - ANSWER- Larger Bond Energy of Ionic Bonds (in kiloJoules per mole) - ANSWER- Weak Mechanism of Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER- attraction caused by unequal charge distributions Charge magnitude of Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER- Medium, partial electron Bond distance in Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER- Larger Bond energy of Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER- weak-weaker Mechanism of Van der Waals - ANSWER- attraction caused by transient charge asymmetries Charge Magnitude (S/M/L) - ANSWER- Small, fleeting asymmetries Bond distance of Van der Waals - ANSWER- Larger Bond energy of Van der Waals - ANSWER- weakest 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - ANSWER- The total entropy of a system and its surrounding always increases in a spontaneous process (T/F) Water molecules form an ordered structure around nonpolar molecules - ANSWER- True
(T/F) The segregation of nonpolar molecules minimizes surface area of ordered water molecules - ANSWER- True (T/F) Amino Acids are Zwitterions - ANSWER- True What type of amino acids are only used in proteins? - ANSWER- L Amino acids (T/F) Amino acids are chiral - ANSWER- True The four groups of amino acids are: 1. _______, 2. ________, 3. _________, and 4. ________ - ANSWER- 1. Hydrophobic amino acids with nonpolar R
(T/F) The peptide bonds in the peptide backbone are planaor (the peptide bonds have double-bond character, which lead to a planar geometry - but rotations can occur at the alpha carbon) - ANSWER- T (T/F) Each protein has a well-defined amino acid sequence specified by a gene - ANSWER- T Knowing this sequence is valuable because: - ANSWER- 1. Sequence determine the protein's structure and function
Collagen Helix (fibrous structures) (Protein Secondary Structure) - ANSWER- three stranded superhelical cable formed by hydrogen bonds between strands (Example: Collagen in tendons, ligaments, and skin) Protein Tertiary Structures are: - ANSWER- Structures formed as a result of side chain interactions between residues that are far apart in sequence Examples of Protein Tertiary Structures: - ANSWER- 1. Disulfide bonds between cysteine residues
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are examples of: - ANSWER- pyrimidines The Watson-Crick base pairing mechanism states that: - ANSWER- Base pairs are stabilized using hydrogen-bonds
Is DNA double stranded/single stranded in cells? - ANSWER- double Is RNA double stranded/single stranded in cells? - ANSWER- single The sugar component in DNA is: - ANSWER- Deoxyribose The sugar component in RNA is: - ANSWER- Ribose The stability of DNA in a cell is: - ANSWER- Very stable The stability of RNA in the cell is: - ANSWER- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is frequently broken down (not stable) Major functions of DNA: - ANSWER- Long term information storage; contains the "parts list" of the organism Major functions of RNA: - ANSWER- Short-term information carrier; mRNA provides the template for making proteins Nucleotide Nomenclature - ANSWER- 1. Nucleoside: sugar + base