Download BBL2 Exam With Complete Solution and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
BBL2 Exam With Complete
Solution
D - Answer If an omega-three fatty acid has has a carbon chain length of 18 carbons, what is the position of the terminal double bond if counting from the carboxyl group of the fatty acid chain? A. between carbons 12- B. between carbons 13- C. between carbons 14- D. between carbons 15- B - Answer Choose the terms that accurately complete the following statement: An oil composed of ______ fatty acids is more likely to be a _______ at room temperature than a (an) _______ fatty acid with the same number of carbons in its hydrocarbon chain. A. saturated - liquid - unsaturated B. saturated - solid - unsaturated C. saturated - liquid - essential D. essential - solid - saturated B - Answer Which of the following is considered an essential fatty acid (EFAs)? A. arachidonic acid B. alpha linolenic acid C. palmitic acid D. all of the above D - Answer Your patient inquires what food sources provide essential fatty acids. You respond he/she can get EFAs from the following foods: A. Seeds B. Cold water fish C. Vegetable oils D. all of the above
C - Answer After a week of fasting, which of the following classes molecules does the brain utilize the most to produce energy? A. Carbohydrates B. Fatty acids C. Ketone bodies D. Proteins A - Answer Oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the A. mitochondrial matrix B. outer mitochondrial membranes C. cytosol D. intermembrane space E. Golgi apparatus A - Answer During starvation, energy is initially obtained from: A. stored glycogen B. dietary glucose C. glucogenic amino acids D. ketogenic amino acids D - Answer Which of the following fatty acids requires an additional set of enzymes for oxidation by the mitochondria? A. odd-chain B. unsaturated C. polyunsaturated D. All the above C - Answer The carnitine molecule is used by the carnitine shuttle of the mitochondria to: A. act as a substitute for OAA B. transfer 3-phophoglycerate across mitochondrial membrane C. assist in the inner membrane transfer of fatty acids
C. downregulated by insulin, downregulated by glucagon D. upregulated by dephosphorylation, downregulated by phosphorylation D - Answer !!!The pathway of cytosolic fatty acid synthesis in all cells can be affected by which of the following? A. plasma levels of glucagon and insulin B. events transpiring in the glycolysis pathway C. liver acetyl CoA levels during fasting/starvation D. all of the above A - Answer !!!Why are essential fatty acids (EFAs) important in our diet? A. EFAs cannot be made by our bodies but are needed to produce other important molecules B. EFAs are used as a primary source of long term energy storage C. EFAs contribute to B vitamin synthesis D. All of the above D - Answer !!!In the carnitine shuttle, what region of the mitochondria is the site for carnitine attachment to FA-CoA? A. Outer mitochondria membrane B. Inner mitochondria membrane C. Mitochondrial matrix (i.e., inside the mitochondria) D. Space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes D - Answer !!!What metabolic pathway(s) make ATP from the electron carriers that come off of the fatty acid oxidation pathway? A. pentose phosphate, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation B. TCA, oxidative phosphorylation C. glycolysis, pentose phostphate, TCA D. oxidative phosphorylation only C - Answer !!!With regard to the ketogenesis process, which of the following is correct? A. In the liver, acetoacetyl-CoA is made from 2 acetyl CoA molecules B. The liver can use ketone bodies as energy sources
C. At the target tissues, ketone bodies must eventually be converted to acetoacetate D. All the above C - Answer !!!The inner mitochondrial membrane can transport A. acetyl-CoA B. fatty acids C. acyl-carnitine D. malonyl-CoA A - Answer !!!Which statement about beta-oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids is NOT correct? A. Beta-oxidation involves a number of reduction reactions. B. Breakdown of fatty acids creates NADH that can feed into the electron transport chain. C. Beta-oxidation is simply the direct reversal of all the same steps that occur in synthesis. D. Both synthesis and beta-oxidation occur in steps of 2 carbon fragments. A - Answer The most abundant non-phospholipid component of the cell membrane is: A. Cholesterol B. Deoxycholate C. Macroglobulin D. Triacyglyceride A, C - Answer Which of the following phospholipid headgroups has a positive charge? (select all that apply) A. Sphingomyelin B. Phosphatidylserine C. Phosphatidylcholine D. Phosphatidylinositol A, B - Answer Which of the following phospholipid headgroups contributes no charge? (select all that apply) A. Phosphatidylserine
A. estradiol B. cholesterol C. progesterone D. testosterone B - Answer What bile salt acts as precursor for other bile salts? A. deoxycholic acid B. cholic acid C. glycocholic acid D. taurocholic acid C - Answer The physiologically active form of vitamin D produced in the kidney is: A. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol B. 7-dehydrocholesterol C. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol D. Cholecalciferol A - Answer Which organ is responsible for the final processing step in Vitamin 1,25-D synthesis? A. Kidney B. Gonads C. Adrenal gland D. Liver A, B - Answer Which of the following is (are) responsible for transporting dietary fats and cholesterol to the liver? (select all that apply) A. bile salts B. chylomicrons C. VLDLs D. HDLs D - Answer Which lipoprotein complexes are associated with the overflow pathway of cholesterol transport?
A. LDL, HDL and chylomicrons B. IDD, LDL and VLDL C. LDL and chylomicrons D. LDL and HDL A - Answer Which lipoprotein complexes handle TAG transport in the bloodstream? A. VLDL and chylomicrons B. LDL and VLDL C. HDL and chylomicrons D. LDL and HDL C - Answer What is the role of HDL? A. carry synthesized cholesterol from liver to tissues and back if not used B. carry dietary TAGs to liver and other tissues C. collect cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver D. carry synthesized TAGs from liver to adipose tissue D - Answer Which lipoprotein complexes are rarely detected in the plasma: A. VLDL B. HDL C. LDL D. IDL C - Answer Which enzyme controls the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis? A. Carnitine acyl transferase B. Acetyl CoA carboxylase C. HMG CoA reductase D. Fatty acid synthetase B - Answer Bisphosphonates act as inhibitors of which step(s) in cholesterol biosynthesis? A. Formation of mevalonic acid from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA
C. Alters cholesterol metabolism D. Regulates membrane fluidity A, D - Answer Which of the following factors contributes to microtearing / microdamage of arterial lumen walls? (select all that apply) A. peroxides B. anti-inflammatory molecules C. progesterone levels D. hypertension C - Answer Why does omega-3 consumption reduce the effects of cardiovascular disease? A. lowers trans-fat levels B. lowers LDL levels C. reduces inflammation D. raises HDL levels B, D - Answer What current treatments are used to correct arterial blockage? (select all that apply) A. TMAO administration B. Stent insertion C. Lower serum cholesterol D. Nanoparticle drug delivery B - Answer !!!Which enzyme controls the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis? A. Carnitine acyl transferase B. HMG CoA reductase C. Acetyl CoA carboxylase D. Fatty acid synthetase D - Answer !!!The physiologically active form of vitamin D produced in the kidney is: A. 7-dehydrocholesterol B. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
C. Cholecalciferol D. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol C - Answer !!!Which lipoprotein complexes handle TAG transport in the bloodstream? A. chylomicrons, HDL B. LDL, VLDL C. VLDL, chylomicrons D. LDL, HDL
B - Answer !!!What role does HDL play in cardiovascular disease? A. Major contributor to plaque deposits B. Can scavenge deposited cholesterol from vessel walls C. Reduces inflammatory response to vessel lumen damage D. All of the above
D - Answer !!!HMG CoA reductase is inhibited by A. insulin and phosphatase B. glucagon and insulin C. phosphatase and kinase D. kinase and glucagon
A - Answer !!!Which organ is responsible for bile salt synthesis? A. liver B. kidney C. adrenal gland D. gonads
D - Answer !!!The most endogenous cholesterol in the liver is usually converted into
C. Anaerobic metabolism D. Substitution reaction
True - Answer Glucogenic amino acids are utilized in the gluconeogenic pathway of the liver. A. True B. False
C - Answer Glutamate is aminated to glutamine by the enzyme A. Glutamate dehydrogenase B. Glutaminase C. Glutamine synthetase D. Glutamine oxidase
D - Answer N-acetyl-glutamate regulates the following pathway A. TCA Cycle B. ETS/ OX-Phos C. Glycolysis D. Urea Cycle
A - Answer How is glutamate dehydrogenase allosterically controlled? A. Activated by ADP and GDP B. Inhibited by ADP and GTP C. Activated by ATP and GTP D. Activated by UTP and CTP
B - Answer Which two amino acids are NOT substrate for aminotransferases?
A. Alanine and aspartate B. Serine and threonine C. Oxaloacetate and malate D. Leucine and isoleucine
B - Answer The cofactor found in the active site of ALL transaminase enzymes is A. Cobalamin phosphate B. Pyridoxal phosphate C. Ferrodoxin D. Biotin
C - Answer Alanine is transported from the skeletal muscle to liver to be back converted to pyruvate. The pyruvate in the liver is then used for A. Glycolysis B. Homolactic Fermentation C. Gluconeogensis D. Fatty Acid synthesis
C - Answer Glutamate is back converted to alpha ketoglutarate in liver mitochondria by A. Glutaminase B. Glutamate synthase C. Glutamate dehydrogenase D. All of the above
B - Answer In the mechanism of all transaminases, the pyridoxal phosphate A. becomes reduced and the amino acid is oxidized B. receives the amine group through a Schiff's base reaction
A. Cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid B. Cysteine can be remethylated to form methionine C. Homocysteine is metabolized by the transulfuration pathway to cysteine D. Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid
D - Answer The biochemical function of AdoMet is A. Methylation of tetrahdyrofolate B. Methlyation of nucleic acids only C. Oxidation of enzymes D. Methylation of macromolecules
C - Answer Decarboxylated AdoMet becomes a donor of A. Methyl groups to macromolecules B. Adenosine for the salvage pathway C. Aminopropyl donor to form larger polyamines D. All of the above
C - Answer The remethylation of homocysteine to methionine requires which two cofactors? A. N5,N10-methylene & B B. FAD & B C. N5,N10-methyleneTHF & B D. B2 & B
C - Answer !!!What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids? A. Essential amino acids are synthesized by liver cells; non-essential amino acids are not needed in the body and cells can do without them B. Non-essential amino acids are produced in the liver; essential amino acids are
produced in all cells by metabolic pathways C. Essential amino acids are obtained from diet; non-essential amino acids are produced in the liver by metabolic pathways D. Essential amino acids are made by liver cells; non-essential amino acids cannot be produced by the liver and are obtained from diet
D - Answer !!!When glutamate donates an amine group to pyruvate, which amino acid is formed? A. Aspartate B. Proline C. Serine D. Alanine
D - Answer !!!Both serine and threonine are directly deaminated to A. Oxaloacetate B. Alpha ketoglutarate C. Acetyl-CoA D. Pyruvate
C - Answer !!!A Schiff's base mechanism takes place during the transaminase reaction. Which of the following statements correctly describes this mechanism? A. An active site lysine residue is aminated by the incoming amino acid forming the first keto acid, which is then released as a product B. Biotin is aminated in the active site of the transaminase by the incoming first amino acid to produce the first keto acid released as a product C. Pryidoxal phosphate in the active site of the transaminase is aminated forming pyridoxamine from the first amino acid, then the first keto acid is released D. A lysine residue becomes protonated in the active site, which causes the first amino acid to directly aminate the first keto acid to the new amino acid
group attached to the 5' carbon of its pentose sugar? A. deoxythymidine B. thymidylate C. thymine D. thymidine
D - Answer Which of the following is the name of a nucleoside containing the nitrogenous base uracil and a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon of its pentose sugar? A. uridylate B. uracil C. deoxyuridine D. uridine
D - Answer Nucleotides and nucleosides differ by a single A. hydroxyl group B. deoxyribose C. ribose D. phosphate
D - Answer Structurally, what is the difference between adenine/guanine, and uracil/cytosine/thymidine? A. Adenine/guanine have one ring while uracil/cytosine/thymidine have two rings B. Adenine/guanine have ribose sugar while uracil/cytosine/thymidine have deoxyribose sugar C. Adenine/guanine are pyrimidine rings while uracil/cytosine/thymidine are purine rings D. Adenine/guanine are purines while uracil/cytosine/thymidine are pyrimidine rings
D - Answer Which of the following enzymes controls the committed step in purine
biosynthesis? A. Thymidylate synthase B. Adenylosuccinate synthetase C. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase D. Amidophosphoribosyl transferase
D - Answer The starting substrates for pyrimidine biosynthesis are A. asparatate and 5'phosphribosyl-1-pyrophosphate B. glutamine and 5'phosphribosyl-1-pyrophosphate C. carbamoylphosphate and glutamine D. carbamoylphosphate and aspartate
D - Answer The starting substrates for purine biosynthesis are A. carbamoylphosphate and glutamine B. asparatate and 5'phosphribosyl-1-pyrophosphate C. carbamoylphosphate and aspartate D. glutamine and 5'phosphribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
A - Answer The end products of purine and pyrimidine de novo synthesis are
A. IMP and UMP B. TMP and GMP C. GMP and IMP D. AMP and IMP
A - Answer Indicate the correct anti-tumoral compound and its mode of inhibition used in the chemotherapy of rapidly dividing cancer cells.
