Basic of Islam Study Guide Exam 2 - Survey of World | HIST 1112 | Exams World History

HIST 1112 Exam 2 Study Guide

Basics of Islam - One God, their text is the Qur’an, considered the word of God transmitted to

Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. Muslims belong to one of two denominations; with 80-90% being Sunni

and 10-20% being Shia. Muslims believe in a savior.

5 Pillars:

-1. Creed – “There is no God but God, & Muhammad is his prophet.”

-2. Daily Prayer – 5 times.

-3. Fasting during Ramadan – (the month Muhammad received his revelations.

-4. Alms – “That which cleanses.” Giving a part of your wealth to charity.

-5. Pilgrimage to Mecca. One who makes the journey is called a Hajj.

-Muhammad, considered the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Muslims

believe in one God, & life’s purpose is to worship God.

Sunni – orthodox people who wanted to elect a leader

Shi’i(te) – wanted the leader to be a blood relative of Muhammad.

Ottoman Empire- Islamic state grounded by Osman in NW Anatolia in 1300. After the fall of the

Byzantine Empire (Ottomans toppled (old Roman Empire)), the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul

(former Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922.

Haga Sophia – Church of holy wisdom. Mosque. Now a museum.

Sultan- was at the top of the hierarchical Ottoman system and acted in political, military,

judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles, theoretically responsible

only to God and God's law.

Mehmed II – conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, absorbing its

administrative apparatus into the Ottoman state.

Suleiman “the Magnificent” - (for his military power) - nicknamed "The Lawgiver" for his complete

reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system . He was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the

Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He seemed unstoppable, conquered Belgrade in 1521,

expelling the Knights of the Hospital of St. John.

Ottoman Military – Calvary ((Turkish) no guns), Infantry (Janissaries (foot soldiers for heavy

rifles)). Didn’t recruit Turks with claim to throne, instead they recruited Christians.

Harem - in a traditional Muslim home, the separate private quarters reserved for wives and

concubines.

Janissaries – Infantry (foot soldiers), 1st were POW’s, best training, became Muslim, sultan’s

slaves, and armed with firearms/rifles, the elite of the Ottoman army from 1500 until 1826. Fought

on foot, w/ guns, lived in barracks, trained all year round. They were supplied from the Balkans

by levies placed on Christian boys. Placed in Turkish families, sent to sultan’s palace in

Istanbul for education, instruction in Islam, military training, liberal arts for some, training

there produced soldiers and all ranks of military officials up to grand vizier. Not allowed to

marry. As military technology evolved cannon & firearms played a larger role, size of the Corps

and it’s cost to government steadily increased, role of Calvary diminished, Janissaries took

advantage of their growing influence to allow them to get married, engage in business,

deterioration as a military required hiring supplemental troops, made membership hereditary,

involvement in crafts & trading degraded their military skills, land grants for military service

disappeared in place of tax farmers (paid tax in bulk, & collected more from taxpayers), ill-

trained Janissaries hired substitutes (partially trained seasonal recruits) to go on campaigns.

Janissaries eventually became too powerful & corrupt.

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HIST 1112 Exam 2 Study Guide Basics of Islam - One God, their text is the Qur’an, considered the word of God transmitted to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. Muslims belong to one of two denominations; with 80-90% being Sunni and 10-20% being Shia. Muslims believe in a savior. 5 Pillars: -1. Creed – “There is no God but God, & Muhammad is his prophet.” -2. Daily Prayer – 5 times. -3. Fasting during Ramadan – (the month Muhammad received his revelations. -4. Alms – “That which cleanses.” Giving a part of your wealth to charity. -5. Pilgrimage to Mecca. One who makes the journey is called a Hajj.

Muhammad , considered the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Muslims believe in one God, & life’s purpose is to worship God. Sunni – orthodox people who wanted to elect a leader Shi’i(te) – wanted the leader to be a blood relative of Muhammad. Ottoman Empire - Islamic state grounded by Osman in NW Anatolia in 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire ( Ottomans toppled (old Roman Empire )), the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (former Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. Haga Sophia – Church of holy wisdom. Mosque. Now a museum. Sultan - was at the top of the hierarchical Ottoman system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles, theoretically responsible only to God and God's law. Mehmed II – conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, absorbing its administrative apparatus into the Ottoman state. Suleiman “the Magnificent” - (for his military power) - nicknamed "The Lawgiver" for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. He was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He seemed unstoppable, conquered Belgrade in 1521, expelling the Knights of the Hospital of St. John. Ottoman Military – Calvary ((Turkish) no guns), Infantry (Janissaries (foot soldiers for heavy rifles)). Didn’t recruit Turks with claim to throne, instead they recruited Christians. Harem - in a traditional Muslim home, the separate private quarters reserved for wives and concubines. Janissaries – Infantry ( foot soldiers), 1st^ were POW’s, best training, became Muslim , sultan’s slaves, and armed with firearms/rifles , the elite of the Ottoman army from 1500 until 1826. Fought on foot, w/ guns, lived in barracks, trained all year round. They were supplied from the Balkans by levies placed on Christian boys. Placed in Turkish families, sent to sultan’s palace in Istanbul for education, instruction in Islam, military training, liberal arts for some, training there produced soldiers and all ranks of military officials up to grand vizier. Not allowed to marry. As military technology evolved cannon & firearms played a larger role, size of the Corps and it’s cost to government steadily increased, role of Calvary diminished, Janissaries took advantage of their growing influence to allow them to get married, engage in business, deterioration as a military required hiring supplemental troops, made membership hereditary, involvement in crafts & trading degraded their military skills, land grants for military service disappeared in place of tax farmers (paid tax in bulk, & collected more from taxpayers), ill- trained Janissaries hired substitutes (partially trained seasonal recruits) to go on campaigns. Janissaries eventually became too powerful & corrupt.

Ottoman Decline – A Janissary revolt abdicated sultan Ahmed III, revolt leader swaggered around dictating government policy for several months, seized and executed. Lower officials took advantage of their central governments weakness.

- The European powers wanted to expand. Religious corruption. Protecting political positions. Discouraged creativity to prevent books other than the Koran. They believed wealth came from acquiring land (requires maintenance $), whereas Europeans used trade & commerce to acquire more. - Economic problems: Competition from trade from the Americas. Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East. Development of other trade routes. Rising unemployment. Spent too much money fighting (Spain). - Government problems: Ottoman Empire became less centralized, central control weakened, Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the administration of the Empire. - Political problems: Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion, The low quality Sultans of the 17th and 18th centuries, The ending of the execution of Sultans' sons and brothers, imprisoning them instead, This apparently humane process led to men becoming Sultan after spending years in prison — not the best training for absolute power. Safavid Empire - Islamic Shi’ite, read & wrote in Persian & Arabic, the ideal was artistic (vs. powerful looking kings of Europe). Mughal Empire - Mughal or Mogul , Muslim Empire in India, 1526-1857. The dynasty was founded by Babur , a Turkish chieftain based in Afghanistan. Akbar the Great , son of Humayun and the greatest of the Mughal emperors, reestablished Mughal power in India. Mughal expansion continued under Akbar's son Jahangir and under his grandson Shah Jahan , who built many architectural marvels at Delhi and at Agra (including the Taj Mahal ). Aurangzeb , reinstituted restrictions on Hindu’s, expanded Mughal territory to its greatest extent, but at the same time the empire suffered the blows of major Hindu revolts. The most serious of these was the Maratha uprising. Weakened by the Maratha wars, dynastic struggles, and invasions by Persian and Afghan rulers, underestimated Europeans. Historians consider the land-grant system was central in Mughal decline. The Iranian warlord Nadir Shah invaded the Mughal capital bringing a climax to the decline when he carried the “peacock throne” away to Iran, thus the Mughal Empire was finished. The empire ended as British established control of India in late 18th^ - early 19th cent. The Mughal Empire survived by name until 1857. Many features of the Mughal administrative system were adopted by Great Britain in ruling India, but the most lasting achievements of the Mughals were in art and architecture. - Barring Muhammad Shah, none of the Mughal emperors could hold on to power for a decade. In the 18th century, the Empire suffered the depredations of invaders like Nadir Shah of Persia and Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, who repeatedly sacked Delhi , the Mughal capital. Most of the empire's territories in India passed to the Marathas, Nawabs, and Nizams by c. 1750. In 1804, the blind and powerless Shah Alam II formally accepted the protection of the British East India Company. The Mughal army was disbanded in 1805 by the British.

Christianity & China – at first the emperor Kangxi welcomed Jesuit advisers & put them in important offices, Jesuits made important compromises such as Confucian ancestor worship, arousing controversy between the Jesuits & their Catholic rivals in China, Kangxi wrote the pope supporting Jesuits but after further dispute ordered the expulsion of all missionaries, later Qing emperors persecuted Christians instead of placing them in a high office.

- The Chinese Rites controversy , a dispute within the Catholic Church from 1630 to early 18th century, about whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the emperor constituted idolatry. Pope Clement XI decided they were incompatible with Catholicism, reduced Catholic missionary activity in China. The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country. Foot binding – was the custom of binding the feet of young girls painfully tight to prevent further growth, became common among all classes. The tiny narrow feet were considered beautiful and to make a woman's movements more feminine and dainty. Social/Cultural values in China – Remember the paper we read, “Family Instructions for the Miu Lineage.” Japan Daimyo – ran feudal society, a feudal warrior class of landlords, warlords, each had a castle, small bureaucracy, controlled a band of warriors called Samurai, pledged loose allegiance to the Japanese Emperor. Hideyoshi emerged from warring daimyos, set out to capture China, Koreans used turtleboats against him. Samurai – “those who serve”, Japanese Warrior, hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Shogun – the hereditary chief of the Emperors government and armies. Tokugawa Shogunate – Japanese military government created by Tokugawa Ieyasu, created political unity. Unification and centralization of Japan concern the efforts of Tokugawa shoguns. They are moving Japan from a decentralized , feudal country where there is no central authority (instead, powerful daimyo families rule independently on their estates) to a country with a single ruler , set of laws, etc. It’s not that the daimyo disappear, but their power is diminished and their independence is gone under the Tokugawas. - Ieyasu Tokugawa – founder and 1 st^ shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan created a new administrative capital at Edo (Tokyo). - Iemitsu Tokugawa – In 1639 Iemitsu officially closed off Japan from the rest of the world. This restrictive edict limiting trade to the Chinese and Dutch merchants. Europeans & Japan – Trade – Christianity , Japan goes from a complete “open door” policy for European merchants and missionaries (e.g. 300,000 Christian converts by 1600!) to a closed one. By the late 1630s, all Europeans (with the small exception of the Dutch) are kicked out of Japan. This will remain the case for the next 200 years. The Closing of Japan - As mentioned above, the Tokugawa campaign against Christianity was part of a wider effort to insulate Japan from foreign influence. In 1635, the shogun forbid Japanese to sail abroad, and later outlawed the construction of ships that were capable of navigating on the open ocean. Japanese who were already living abroad were forbidden to return. The children of mixed marriages were banished.

- But the nanban still had their uses. To preserve the benefits of European trade without the nuisance of Europeans, the shogun set aside a small island—Dejima—in Nagasaki harbor. A small contingent of European traders ( Dutch ) was allowed to remain here. (This was acceptable because the island was technically not Japanese soil.) 47 Ronin – senior minister provoked a young daimyo into drawing his sword, & sentenced to commit seppuku (suicide), master-less they upheld the code of vengeance for their master & killed the senior minister, while justified, the vigilantes were sentenced to seppuku as well to maintain societal respect for laws. Russia – Tsar – monarch, emperor of Russia before 1917, tyrant or autocrat. Serfs – an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord’s property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans & in factories, abolished in 1861. Peter the Great – Greatest Russian Tsar, modernized Russia , enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to Russian elite , moved capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. - Esp. reforms – Peter resolved to expand and reform his vast and backward empire. o Pushed Russian elite to imitate European fashions. Ended seclusion of upper-class women by requiring officials, military officers, and merchants to bring wives to gatherings at the capital. Directed nobles to educate their children. Reorganize Russian government along the lines of Prussia. Reduced the roles of Boyers (Russian monarchs). Peter’s modern professional Army promoted based on merit, not birth. Issued a decree that the Tsar “is not obligated to answer to anyone in the world for his doings. Brought Russian Orthodox Church more firmly under state control.

Basic of Islam Study Guide Exam 2 - Survey of World | HIST 1112, Exams of World History

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