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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Nguyen Tung Anh Student ID GCH Class Assessor name Ha Trong Thang Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Lecturer Signature:
- I. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards Contents
- What is Network?
- Type of Network and Importance
- • Local Area Network (LAN)
- • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- • Wide Area Network (WAN)
- 3 What is a network protocol?
- Some common protocols
- • TCP/IP
- • HTTP
- • DNS
- • DHCP
- International Standard Organizations Networking
- Standards used in networking
- IEEE standard
- Ethernet Media Standard
- II. Network topology & communication and Bandwidth requirements
- What is Network topology
- Denifition of Physical & Logical topology
- • Physical topology
- • Logical Topology
- Examples of common topology discussion with diagrams
- • Mesh Topology
- • Star Topology
- • Bus Topology
- • Ring Topology
- Communication and Bandwidth
- • Comunication
- • Rules of communication
- • Bandwidth
- The difference between physical topology and logical topology.
- III. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types.
- Discuss 5 operating principles of 5 selected network device
- • Router
- • Switch
- • Gateway
- • Hub
- • Repeater
- List server types
- • Web Server
- • Email Server
- • DNS Server
- • DHCP server
- IV. Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software.
- Explain what is meant by interdependencies
- Interdependence Example
- Define workstation hardware
- Define networking software
- • Network operating system (NOS)
- • Web server/Client
- • Email Server/Client
- Explain the interdependence of the workstation hardware and networking software
- software 6. Examples for demonstration: the interdependence of workstation hardware and networking
- Bibliography
- Figure 1-What is network? Figures
- Figure 2-Local Area Network(LAN)..............................................................................................................
- Figure 3-Advantades and Disadvantages of LAN
- Figure 4-Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Figure 5-Advantages and Disadvantages of MAN Network
- Figure 6-Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Figure 7-Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN Network
- Figure 8-TCP/IP
- Figure 9-HTTP
- Figure 10-DNS
- Figure 11-DHCP
- Figure 12-Network topology
- Figure 13-Physical Topologies Denifition of Logical Topology
- Figure 14-Diagram of an IP addressing table
- Figure 15-Mesh Topology
- Figure 16-Star topology
- Figure 17-Bus Topology...............................................................................................................................
- Figure 18-Ring topology
- Figure 19-Hibrib Topology
- Figure 20-Router
- Figure 21-Hub
- Figure 22-Gateway
- Figure 23-Hub
- Figure 24-Repeater
- Figure 25-WorkStation
- Figure 26-CPU..............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 27-ROM
- Figure 28-RAM
- Figure 29-NIC
- Figure 30-Web server/Client
Figure 2 - Local Area Network(LAN) The Local Area Network (LAN) is designed to connect multiple network devices and systems within a limited geographical distance. The devices are connected using multiple protocols for properly and efficiently exchanging data and services. Attributes of LAN Network: The data transmit speed in the LAN network is relatively higher than the other network types, MAN and WAN. LAN uses private network addresses for network connectivity for data and service exchange, and it uses cable for network connection, decreasing error and maintaining data security. Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Network
Figure 3 - Advantades and Disadvantages of LAN
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Figure 4 - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network type that covers the network connection of an entire city or connection of a small area. The area covered by the network is connected using a wired network, like data cables. Attributes of MAN Network: Network covers an entire town area or a portion of a city.
Figure 6 - Wide Area Network (WAN) The Wide Area Network (WAN) is designed to connect devices over large distances like states or between countries. The connection is wireless in most cases and uses radio towers for communication. The WAN network can be made up of multiple LAN and MAN networks. Attributes of WAN Network: The speed of the WAN data transfer is lower than in comparison to LAN and MAN networks due to the large distance covered. The WAN network uses a satellite medium to transmit data between multiple locations and network towers. Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN Network:
Figure 7 - Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN Network (Kapoor, 2022)
3. What is a network protocol? A network protocol is a set of established rules that specify how to format, send and receive data so that computer network endpoints, including computers, servers, routers and virtual machines, can communicate despite differences in their underlying infrastructures, designs or standards. To successfully send and receive information, devices on both sides of a communication exchange must accept and follow protocol conventions. In networking, support for protocols can be built into the software, hardware or both. Without network protocols, computers and other devices would not know how to engage with each other. As a result, except for specialty networks built around a specific architecture, few networks would be able to function, and the internet as we know it wouldn't exist. Virtually all network end users rely on network protocols for connectivity. (Yasar, 2023)
TCP/IP is said to be stateless because each request is new and unrelated to all previous requests, making network pathways free to be continuously used by all. TCP/IP and Higher-Level Applications Many higher-level apps that ecommerce businesses need to be familiar with utilize and/or are built on TCP/IP. These apps constitute a higher layer of protocol language and are often packaged along with TCP/IP as a single "suite." Examples include: HTTP (the Internet's Hyper-text Transfer Protocol) FTP (the Internet's File Transfer Protocol) Telnet, which enables logging on computers from remote locations SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Accessing the Internet via analog phone modems will involve the use of one of two special protocols: SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Protocol). The function of these protocols is to "encapsulate" data-packets in a form that allows them to be sent over dial-up phone connections to the access provider's modem. UDP (User Data-gram Protocol) is an alternative to TCP that is sometimes used for very specialized purposes. It uses hyper-simple, "connection-less" transmission that requires only a minimal amount of protocol. It is mostly used for low-latency, loss-tolerant connections between online apps. TCP/IP-related protocols used in the exchange of router data include: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (Anon., n.d.)
Figure 8 - TCP/IP
- HTTP What is HTTP Definition: HTTP is short for “Hypertext Transfer Protocol” in English, an underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formed and transmitted and what actions web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. Examples of http For example, when a URL is entered into the browser, the browser sends an HTTP command to the web server directing it to search and transmit the requested web page. The other main rule that controls the operation of the World Wide Web is HTML, which deals with how web pages are formatted and displayed. HTTP: A Stateless Protocol HTTP is known to be a stateless protocol, as each command is executed independently, without any knowledge of the commands prior to it. This is the main reason why it is difficult to implement Websites
Figure 10 - DNS How does DNS work? The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An IP address is given to each device on the Internet, and that address is necessary to find the appropriate Internet device - like a street address is used to find a particular home. When a user wants to load a webpage, a translation must occur between what a user types into their web browser (example.com) and the machine-friendly address necessary to locate the example.com webpage. In order to understand the process behind the DNS resolution, it’s important to learn about the different hardware components a DNS query must pass between. For the web browser, the DNS lookup occurs "behind the scenes" and requires no interaction from the user’s computer apart from the initial request. There are 4 DNS servers involved in loading a webpage: DNS recursor - The recursor can be thought of as a librarian who is asked to go find a particular book somewhere in a library. The DNS recursor is a server designed to receive queries from client machines through applications such as web browsers. Typically the recursor is then responsible for making additional requests in order to satisfy the client’s DNS query. Root nameserver - The root server is the first step in translating (resolving) human readable host names into IP addresses. It can be thought of like an index in a library that points to different racks of books - typically it serves as a reference to other more specific locations.
TLD nameserver - The top level domain server (TLD) can be thought of as a specific rack of books in a library. This nameserver is the next step in the search for a specific IP address, and it hosts the last portion of a hostname (In example.com, the TLD server is “com”). Authoritative nameserver - This final nameserver can be thought of as a dictionary on a rack of books, in which a specific name can be translated into its definition. The authoritative nameserver is the last stop in the nameserver query. If the authoritative name server has access to the requested record, it will return the IP address for the requested hostname back to the DNS Recursor (the librarian) that made the initial request. (Anon., n.d.)
- DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. RFCs 2131 and 2132 define DHCP as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard based on Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), a protocol with which DHCP shares many implementation details. DHCP allows hosts to obtain required TCP/IP configuration information from a DHCP server. Windows Server 2016 includes DHCP Server, which is an optional networking server role that you can deploy on your network to lease IP addresses and other information to DHCP clients. All Windows-based client operating systems include the DHCP client as part of TCP/IP, and DHCP client is enabled by default.
