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An overview of microbial metabolism, focusing on the classification of organisms based on their carbon sources and methods of generating atp and reducing power. It also covers chemosynthesis, photoautotrophs, and various types of bacteria and their metabolic pathways, including fermentation and respiration.
Typology: Exams
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I. Nutritional Classification A. Microorganisms
II. Chemosynthesis and Photosynthesis A. Chemoautotrophs (Chemolithotrophs): Chemosynthesis l. Transforms inorganic matter into carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and nucleic acids (Biosynthesis) as well as provides a modest amount of energy a. Chemoautotrophic bacteria are unable to utilize organic cpds. as well as sunlight l) CO 2 from the atmosphere is their carbon source: required for organic biosynthesis b. Photoautotrophs utilize light energy to power photosynthesis, while chemoautotrophs chemically oxidize inorganic cpds (cpds. of iron, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, etc.) via an electron-transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation process to obtain their energy; usually O 2 is the oxidant. c. Chemoautotrophic bacteria are categorized and named according to the type of inorganic substance oxidized (reductants): l) Nitrifying bacteria: soil bacteria of ecological significance oxidize NH 4 +^ (ammonia) to NO 2 -^ (nitrite) and then nitrite to NO 3 -^ (nitrate) in the nitrification process. a) Energy released in the oxidations of NH 4 +^ and NO 2 -^ are oxidatively phosphorylated into ATP b) Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
b. Dark set of reactions that follow the light l) CO 2 fixation occurs resulting in PGAL
III. Catabolic Metabolism (Precursor and energy production utilized by both photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs) A. Heterotrophs l. Most bacterial forms are heterotrophs: rely on an external source of ready-made organic material for food which serves as the energy source through oxidative reactions to do work: biosynthesis, motility, etc.; inorganic users, also.