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This document is an in-depth guide on back pain, focusing on the anatomy, physiology, and clinical aspects of musculoskeletal health. It covers bone structure at both microscopic and macroscopic levels, bone metabolism, and the structure of the spinal column, vertebrae, and nerve roots. The guide also details how to take a focused history for back pain, including red flag symptoms that may indicate serious spinal pathology, such as cauda equina syndrome or fractures. Additionally, it discusses risk factors for osteoporosis and the epidemiology of back pain. This resource is essential for understanding the complexities of back pain and its clinical management.
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