Cell Biology: Animal and Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organ Functions, Study notes of Cell Biology

Download Cell Biology: Animal and Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organ Functions and more Study notes Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

B2 Revision Mind Maps

Animal cell

Membrane

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Animal Tissue

Muscular tissue –

Glandular tissue –

Epithelial tissue –

Bacterial cell

Cytoplasm genes (no nucleus) Membrane cell wall

Yeast cell

Nucleus cell wall Cytoplasm membrane

How does the stomach function as an organ? ■ muscular tissue,

■ glandular tissue,

■ epithelial tissue,

Plant cell

Membrane

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

cytoplasm

Wall

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Diffusion

Examples

Plant tissues:

Epidermal tissue –

Mesophyll tissue –

Xylem –

Phloem –

Plant organs:

How are cells specialised? Red blood cell - Larger m________ to carry more o_________ Root hair cell - F_______ like to increase s a_____ Sperm cell – head contains e______ and middle part has m_____________

Name four types of organism whose cells have a cell wall and explain the function of this.

Label the cell:

What type of cell is it?

What key process takes place in chloroplasts? Write an equation.

What is diffusion?

Give the functions of the following:

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondrion
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes.

Identify the cells below.

Give 3 things that can speed up the rate of diffusion.

What is unusual about the genetic material in a bacterial cell?

Label the cell:

What type of cell is it?

Give 3 special features of a sperm cell and explain how it helps the sperm function.

What is the function of root hair cells and how are they adapted?

Which organelle would you expect muscle cells o have lots of and why?

Beta cells in the pancreas make lots of insulin, which is a protein. What cell part would you expect to see in high numbers?

Name four types of organism whose cells have a cell wall and explain the function of this. Plant, algae, bacteria, fungi Strengthens cell

Label the cell:

What type of cell is it? Animal

What key process takes place in chloroplasts? Write an equation. Photosynthesis

Water + carbon dioxide -> glucose + oxygen

What is diffusion? The net movement of particles of a liquid or solute from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Give the functions of the following:

• Nucleus contains DNA: controls activities of cell
• Cytoplasm cellular reactions take place here
• Mitochondrion releases energy during aerobic respiration
• Cell membrane controls passage of substances in and out of cell
• Ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis

Identify the cells below. Bacterium Yeast cell

Give 3 things that can speed up the rate of diffusion. Bigger diffusion gradient Larger surface area Shorter diffusion distance

What is unusual about the genetic material in a bacterial cell? Not inside a nucleus

Label the cell:

What type of cell is it? Plant Give 3 special features of a sperm cell and explain how it helps the sperm function.

• Lots of mitochondria – release energy so can swim to egg cell
• Long tail – to swim to egg
• Acrosome containing enzymes – digest egg membrane.

What is the function of root hair cells and how are they adapted? To absorb water and nutrients. Large surface area – speeds up absorption

Which organelle would you expect muscle cells o have lots of and why? Mitochondria Need energy for contraction

Beta cells in the pancreas make lots of insulin, which is a protein. What organelle would you expect to see in high numbers? Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Cell wall

What is the name given to a group of organs working together to perform a particular function? Organ system

Give a definition of a tissue. A group of cells with similar structure and function that work together to perform a particular job

What is an organ? A part of an animal or plan made up of several tissues working together to do a specific job.

What are the key features of tissues or organs designed to act as exchange surfaces? Large surface area Thin walls Permeable surface Good blood supply

Where will you find epithelial tissue? What are some of its functions? Lining body surfaces – protection or exchange

What does it mean if a cell is differentiated? It is specialized for a particular job.

http://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/

Label the diagram to give the names of the tissues that make up the stomach and give the function of each.

Name 2 substances produced by glandular tissue, and 2 organs in which you might find it. Enzymes, Hormones

Stomach /Pancreas / Small intestine

What is the job of muscle tissue? Contracts to bring about movement.

Add labels to the diagram of the digestive system and give the function of each labeled part.

Muscle tissue: churns contents.

Glandular tissue: produces digestive juices.

Epithelial tissue: covers inside and outside of stomach

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/digestive-system-for-kids.html

Salivary glands: produce digestive enzymes (amylase)

Pancreas: produce digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase)

Liver: produces bile

Small intestine: digestion and absorption of soluble products

Stomach: site of digestion

Large intestine: water absorbed and faeces form

Add labels to the diagram to give the names of the plant organs.

http://www.kathimitchell.com/paclass.htm

Flower

Stem

Root

Leaf

Give the name and functions of the tissues in the leaf.

Xylem and phloem: transport water and sugars

Palisade mesophyll layer: carries out photosynthesis

Epidermis: protects plant

Name the substance that glucose can be converted to for storage and describe how you can test for the presence of this substance.

Write a word equation for photosynthesis. (^) Where is chlorophyll found?

What is the function of chlorophyll?

Name the two reactants in photosynthesis and state where each comes from.

What is meant by a limiting factor?

What is the function of cellulose?

Why might a farmer put a paraffin heater in a greenhouse?

Look at the graph below. Describe and explain the effect of increasing light intensity at 0.03% CO2.

What must be added to glucose to make proteins and where does this come from?

Explain the results obtained in the experiment below.

State four uses of glucose in plants.

State three things that can limit the rate of photosynthesis.

px=683&vpy=185&dur=1337&hovh=114&hovw=320&tx=212&ty=58&sig=104307363615294991887&page=1&tbn h=107&tbnw=300&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:98&biw=1333&bih=

Write down the equation for photosynthesis.

Explain why chlorophyll is needed in photosynthesis.

Describe the shape of the light intensity graph.

Explain the shape of the light intensity graph.

What are the three limiting factors in plants?

What is the glucose used for from photosynthesis?

How do plants produce proteins for growth?

Explain this result:

What are the limiting factors on this graph?

What are the limiting factors on this graph? What are the limiting factors on this graph?

How could you increase the rate of photosynthesis in a greenhouse?

Write down the equation for photosynthesis.

Carbon + water glucose + oxygen Dioxide

Explain why chlorophyll is needed in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy needed to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (chemical energy)

Describe the shape of the light intensity graph. As the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a peak point. After this point any further increase in light intensity does not increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Explain the shape of the light intensity graph. When the line is diagonal at the start light intensity is limiting the rate of photosynthesis. At the peak point light is no longer limiting photosynthesis, something else is e.g. temperature or carbon dioxide.

What are the three limiting factors in plants? Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature

What is the glucose used for from photosynthesis? 1 - to release immediate energy through respiration in all plant cells 2 – store as insoluble starch

3 – to make proteins for growth

4 – to make cellulose fibres to strengthen the cell wall

5 – to produce fat/oils for storage in seeds

How do plants produce proteins for growth? To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil to make amino acids that are then joined to make proteins.

Explain this result: The green chlorophyll is needed to absorb the light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose which is stored as Starch in these green parts of the leaf

What are the limiting factors on this graph?

What are the limiting factors on this graph? What are the limiting factors on this graph?

How could you increase the rate of photosynthesis in a greenhouse? Light bulbs Parrafin heater

On the slope = carbon dioxide. On the flat = temperature or light intensity

On the slope = light intensity On the flat = temperature or carbon dioxide concentration

On the slope up and down = temperature. On the peak = carbon dioxide concentration or light intensity

Describe how you would carry out random sampling to compare the abundance of daisies in a 2 different fields

• Mark out an area in the first field using two tape measures
• Used a random number generator to generate coordinates
• Place the quadrat at each coordinate and count the number of daisies in the quadrat
• Repeat several times in that field
• Calculate a mean number of daisies per quadrat
• Repeat all the steps above in the other field taking the same number of samples

Explain what it means if your results are: Reproducible: the same results are repeated by someone else doing your experiment or by using a different method

Repeatable: you repeat the experiment with the same equipment and get the same results

Describe how you could investigate how leaf size changes with height on a bush.

• Use systematic sampling e.g. measure every 5th^ leaf
• Draw round the leaf on graph paper
• Add together the number of squares covered by the leaf, including half squares

Describe how you could use a quadrat to investigate how the species of plants change with distance from a river.

• Use a tape measure to create a line transect
• Place quadrats at regular intervals
• Count the number of species in each quadrat

Why is it important to have a large sample size?. It allows you to identify anomalies.

Look at the table of results on the left. Calculate the a. Mean 11 b. Median 11 c. Mode 12

Quadrat number Number of daisies

If the mean number of clover plants per m^2 quadrat is 6 and a field has a total area of 1200m^2 how many clover plants would you expect to find in the whole field.? 6 x 1200 = 7200

Give two problems with using a count of nests to estimate bird population. Nests may be old / disused Young birds may have not made their own nest yet

Physical Factor Why does it affect the distribution of living organisms?

Temperature needs to be suitable for enzymatic reactions (different organisms have different ideal temperatures)

Nutrient availability

organisms need nutrients to synthesize new materials and grow

Light intensity plants and algae need light for photosynthesis

Oxygen availability

needed by all organisms for respiration

Carbon dioxide availability

needed by plants and algae for photosynthesis

Water availability

needed for photosynthesis or to keep animals hydrated (not often a limiting factor though)

Describe a method to carry out random sampling of weeds using a quadrat.

Suggest why the red squirrel is rarely seen today except in particular niches of the UK

How has white nose syndrome affected bats?

Why are butterflies again in decline in 2012?

How is the brown tree snake impacting on the biodiversity in Guam

Data was collected by two groups of students. Calculate the means, medians and modes for each sample

Is the data reproducible? Explain why.

Why did the rabbit population in Australia increase?

What mechanisms are used to control the rabbit population in Australia

What are the arguments for the death and decline of the bee population?

What is the impact of bee decline on food production?

What can we do to raise the population of bees?

How does the acacia bullthorn plant work in a mutual relationship with ants?

Sample 1 Sample 2 12 14 16 13 14 15 16 14 Mean Median mode

What physical factors may affect organism numbers?

What is the advantage of using a transect technique rather than just random quadrat sampling?

How is seaweed designed to survive the changing tide?

What is an enzyme and what is its function?

Describe the structure of a protein.

What is the name given to the part of the enzyme that enables it to recognize a substrate?

Give two factors that affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction.

What is meant by enzyme specificity and why are enzymes specific?

Look at the graph on theleft which shows how temperature affects an enzyme-controlled reaction. a. Describe the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.

b) Explain the shape of the graph.

Why is fructose used instead of glucose in slimming foods?

Give four functions of proteins in living organisms

Which enzymes are contained in washing powders?

What type of organism do we use to produce enzymes for industry and why?

Why are biological washing powders more ‘environmentally friendly’?

What are carbohydrases used for in industry?

What is the name of the enzyme used to convert glucose to fructose?

Give 2 disadvantages of using enzymes in industry.

Add labels to the following diagram of an enzyme- substrate complex. Explain what happens when a enzyme becomes denatured

Digestive enzymes are extracellular. What does this mean?

Why is the average human body temperature 37^0 C?

What type of cells produce digestive enzymes?

Complete the table below to show where the following enzymes are made and where they act.

Why can’t amylase break down protein?

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

State where bile is Produced? Stored? Acts?

Enzyme Substrate Product Use of product

Amylase

Protease

Lipase

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Complete the table below to show the functions of the different digestive enzymes.

Enzyme Where it is made Where it acts

Amylase

Protease

Lipase

What are the two functions of bile?

What type of enzyme is used in the manufacture of baby foods and why?

Milk fat is a type of lipid. What would you expect to happen to the pH of the liquid as it’s digested and why?

Some people suffer from gallstones, which may block their bile duck. Explain the following symptoms: Pale faeces:

Jaundice:

Digestive enzymes are extracellular. What does this mean? They work outside of cells.

Why is the average human body temperature 37^0 C? Optimum temperature for most enzymes

What type of cells produce digestive enzymes? Specialised cells in glands and the lining of the gut

Complete the table below to show where the following enzymes are made and where they act.

Why can’t amylase break down protein? The shape of the active site in amylase is not complementary to the shape of a protein molecule.

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid? Stomach enzymes work best in acidic conditions.

State where bile is Produced? Liver Stored? Gall bladder Acts? Small intestine

Enzyme Substrate Product Use of product

Amylase Carbohydrate (starch)

Glucose Substrate for respiration

Protease Protein Amino acids Used to synthesise other proteins

Lipase Lipids (fats and oils)

Fatty acids and glycerol

Cell membranes, making hormones, insulation, energy store

What is the function of digestive enzymes? To break large insoluble food molecules into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed.

Complete the table below to show the functions of the different digestive enzymes.

Enzyme Where it is made Where it acts

Amylase Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

Mouth, small intestine

Protease Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

Stomach, small intestine

Lipase Pancreas, small intestine

Small intestine

What are the two functions of bile?

• Neutralises the stomach acid to produce alkaline conditions so that enzymes in the small intestine are not denatured
• Emulsifies (breaks up) fats so they have a larger surface area on which enzymes can work, meaning they are digested more rapidly

What type of enzyme is used in the manufacture of baby foods and why? Proteases to predigest the protein in the food..

Milk fat is a type of lipid. What would you expect to happen to the pH of the liquid as it’s digested and why? Become more acidic. Fatty acids produced

Some people suffer from gallstones, which may block their bile duck. Explain the following symptoms: Pale faeces: bile can’t get into the small intestines

Jaundice: Bile pigment is deposited in the skin

What do plants use the energy from respiration for?

What is the product of anaerobic respiration?

The graph above shows how Fred’s heart rate changed during a 1500m race, )minutes is when he started the race and 4 minutes is when he finished, Describe and explain the shape of the graph, ,

What type of molecules control the rate of reactions inside cells?

What is meant by an oxygen debt?

What part of the cell do most stages of aerobic respiration take place in?

Give two changes that happen in the body when you exercise.

Why do athletes ‘carb load’ before a big race?

Why do birds and mammals have a higher rate of respiration than reptiles and fish?

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

Why do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria?

Write a word equation for aerobic respiration.

0

100

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 Heart reate / bpm Time / minutes

Graph to show how heart rate

changes with exercise

Why does anaerobic respiration release so much less energy than aerobic respiration?

What happens to muscles when they are subject to long periods of vigorous activity and why?

What is fermentation?

Write an equation.