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Positive Behavior Support - Precise Answer ✔✔an approach used to support behavior change. The method is not designed to "fix" the person & never uses punishment. Main idea: teaching someone a more effective/ acceptable bx will decrease problem bx. Who is a bx support plan for? - Precise Answer ✔✔indv who display challenging bx to the extent that it severely impacts their life. -can be developed and used at any age. PBS in a School Setting - Precise Answer ✔✔Proact, Safety Care, Be aware of antecedant strategies, ensure safety of kiddo and others around. What is a good bx support plan look like? - Precise Answer ✔✔- more proactive strategies than reactive ones
- helps to ensure that the focus of the plan is on providing ways to support the person to have a good life, enabling the person to learn better and more effective ways of getting what they need. Proactive Strategies - Precise Answer ✔✔Intended to make sure the person gets what they need & includes ways to teach the person appropriate communication & life skills.
Reactive Strategies - Precise Answer ✔✔Designed to keep the person & those around them safe from harm. They provide a way to react quickly when person is distressed & more likely to display challenging behavior. Functions of Behaviors & Alternatives - Precise Answer ✔✔Sensory:teach them to ask for desired object/ activity, use preferred sensory items to create new activities, have sensory time & structured activity so stimming doesn't take over Escape:Teach them to say yes/ no, ask for break/ all done, introduce them to a less preferred activity gradually, change the way you ask them to do something Attention: Teach them to tap/ vocalize sign for desired item; give frequent positive social attn Tangibles:teach them to ask for object/ activity, Give what they asked for as soon as appropriate, teach them to get something themselves, Make sure they are not left too long w/o food/drink/ something meaningful to do. What is Discrete Trial Training? - Precise Answer ✔✔a Method of teaching in simplified & structured steps. A skill is broken down into steps & built up one step at a time. Each attempt is a "trial". 5 steps of DTT - Precise Answer ✔✔1.Antecedent-sets up the response (SD, environment)
Steps of Person Centered Planning: Profiling - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Develop a history for focus person. (Background, critical events, medical issues, major developments, important relationships)
- Description of quality of life for FP. (Comm participation, comm presence, choices/rights, respect & competence)
- Personal preferences of FP. (Preferred activities, things they do not like) Person Centered Planning Meeting - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Review the profile. Make comments & observations
- Review trends/ongoing events in the environment.
- Share visions for the future to increase opportunities.
- ID obstacles & opportunities, things that could make vision a reality
- ID strategies: action steps for implementation
- Getting started: ID action steps that can be done in a short time.
- ID the need for service delivery to be more responsive to ind needs. Who was Hans Asperger? - Precise Answer ✔✔20th century, Austrian Pediatrician who published a profile in 1944 of four boys with a specific pattern of bx: "autisitic psychopathy". Characteristics of Aspergers (1944) - Precise Answer ✔✔"lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversations, intense absorption in a special interest & clumsy movements."
The term "Asperger Syndrome" was coined by: - Precise Answer ✔✔Lorna Wing, a British Researcher in 1981 in her research to counter Kanner's findings on Autism. Basic principles of Bx by Skinner (& others) - Precise Answer ✔✔Reinforcement -Prompting -Fading -Shaping -Schedules of Rx (Principles are the pure science, not the applied science.) -Principles used to describe how bx is lawful, observable, measurable & has an impact on the environment. DRO - Precise Answer ✔✔Reinforcement is contingent on absence of problem behavior. DRA - Precise Answer ✔✔Potential rx is presented contingent on occurrences of desired alternative to maladaptive bx. Maladaptive Bx is placed on extinction. Example of DRA: crying to escape - Precise Answer ✔✔Asking for a break. Crying doesn't result in a break.
PRT vs DTT: - Precise Answer ✔✔-PRT focuses on pivotal areas of bx. -PRT uses naturalistic rx. -PRT uses child's interests & motivation to lead the therapy sx. -DTT focuses on individual target bx. -DTT often uses unrelated rx. -DTT often requires therapist to lead sx. Motivation in PRT - Precise Answer ✔✔Using tasks, objects, convo topics that are of interest to the child can increase his/her motivation to participate in their environment and learn new skills. 6 components of motivation in PRT - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Encourage shared control (child choices) & turn taking
- Gain & maximize child attn
- Ensure task Variation
- Intersperse Maintenance & acquisition tasks
- Use contingent & natural rx
- Vary rx magnitude & rx attempts Reinforcement in PRT - Precise Answer ✔✔Naturalistic & Contingent: Getting what they wanted by producing the desired bx. (asking for something and getting it.)
Reinforce attempts, but not with same magnitude as successful trials. Self Initiated Interactions - Precise Answer ✔✔Asking, "what's that?" "Help!" "Look!" "Where is it?" "What's happening?" etc. Using Joint Attention- looking, pointing, labeling, commenting. Prompt Heirarchy for Fading - Precise Answer ✔✔FPP PPP VP MP GP PP ViP Natural Cue Inter-observer agreement - Precise Answer ✔✔Percentage of data agreement for an interval/ observation period. Measurements in frequency, duration, intervals Total count IOA - Precise Answer ✔✔smaller count/larger count*100% Used for event recording
Scored Interval IOA - Precise Answer ✔✔# int agreement occurred/ total # intervals where bx occurred (agree/disagree) x100% Interval counts Unscored interval IOA - Precise Answer ✔✔# int agreed not occur/ sum intervals did not occur (agree/ disagree) x 100% Interval counts Total duration IOA - Precise Answer ✔✔Shorter duration/ Longer duration x 100% Duration based data Mean Duration per occurence - Precise Answer ✔✔Sum (duration IOAs)/ # intervals x 100% What is Discriminated stimulus? - Precise Answer ✔✔a stimulus in the prescene of which a response has a higher probability of occurence as it is lkely to be reinforced What is TEACCH developed on? - Precise Answer ✔✔understanding the learning characteristics of individuals w/ autism and the use of visual supports to promote meaning and independence
What are the principles of TEACCH? - Precise Answer ✔✔- understanding the culture of Autism
- developing an individualized person- family- centered plan for each clien rather than using a standard curriculum
- structuring the physical enviornment
- using visual supports to make the sequence of daily activities predictable and understandable
- using visual supports to make indv tasks understandable Why autism is considered a spectrum disorder? - Precise Answer ✔✔ASD can have a range of symptoms Identify the currently accepted prevalence rates of autism. - Precise Answer ✔✔1 in 59 What does DSM stand for? - Precise Answer ✔✔Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Identify characteristics of autism. - Precise Answer ✔✔Problems with social interactions, repetitive behaviors, limited or delayed communication, limited or focused interests Possible causes of autism - Precise Answer ✔✔Vaccinations, genetic links, premature birth, exposure to chemicals during pregnancy.
skill deficit - Precise Answer ✔✔the absence or insufficiency of a needed behavior or skill performance deficit - Precise Answer ✔✔when a student knows how to perform the desired behavior but chooses not to or is incapable of doing so owing to anger, frustration, or some other condition Incidental teaching - Precise Answer ✔✔Structuring and sequencing learning opportunities so that they occur within a natural setting and which is used to give the learner an opportunity to practice a skill naturalistic teaching strategies - Precise Answer ✔✔instructional techniques that are used with children having neurodevelopmental disorders and that move away from traditional desk instruction toward more natural social interactions task analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process. discrimination training - Precise Answer ✔✔requires one response and two antecedant stimulus conditions. The response in the presence of one stimulus is reinforced while a response in the presence of the other is not. We are teaching them to make choices.
stimulus control - Precise Answer ✔✔A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus. Stimulus control transfer - Precise Answer ✔✔A procedure used to teach independence by transferring stimulus from a prompt to something natural in the environment Stimulus fading - Precise Answer ✔✔highlighting a physical dimension of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response then the highlighted or exaggerated dimension is eventually faded out (ex: using traffic safety cones to mark a boundary to stay within and removing them slowly after the learner knows the boundaries) Sources of Sensory Information - Precise Answer ✔✔Exteroception (external) and proprioception (internal) Sensory challenges of people with autism - Precise Answer ✔✔language delays or deficits fine and gross motor delays strong sensory interests sensory aversions an inability to interact with people and objects an inability to stay within an interaction repetitive sensory stereotypies (stimming) and much more
Phases of escalated behavior - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Calm
- Trigger
- Agitation (support, choices, proximity, relaxation)
- Acceleration (limit verbal interaction, calm, assess situation)
- Peak (assess safety, institute plan, room clears, coordinate with staff)
- De-escalation (monitor, give space, non-judgemental discussion, easy/concrete tasks)
- Recovery (assist in returning to regular tasks) Tips for creating visual supports - Precise Answer ✔✔They should be clear and concise Continuous Measurement Procedures - Precise Answer ✔✔Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class of interest are detected during the observation period. Discontinuous Measurement Procedures - Precise Answer ✔✔Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class of interest may not be detected. ABC Contingency - Precise Answer ✔✔Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Four empirically supported pivotal behaviors - Precise Answer ✔✔motivation, responding to multiple cues, self-management,social initiation Functional Behavior Assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔a collection of different procedures of gathering information on antecedants, behaviors, and consequences in order to determine the factors that lead to maintaining problem behavior. Indirect Assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔Assessment that relies on information from others. The information on the problem behavior, antecedents, and consequences is not derived from direct observation but from retrospective report in interviews and questionnaires. direct assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔Behavioral assessment involving direct observation and recording of the behavior as it occurs. Direct assessment may also refer to direct observation and recording of the antecedents and consequences of the behavior. FBA hypothesis - Precise Answer ✔✔Summarize what is known about triggers, behaviors, and maintaining consequences and offers an informed guess about purpose of behavior Purpose of developmental disability support services - Precise Answer ✔✔The help those with disabilities to achieve their full potential.
Duty to Warn/Duty to Protect - Precise Answer ✔✔Exceptions to HIPPA determined in the 1974 case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California that allows a therapist to not only warn someone of their patients intentions to harm them, but to also protect them by calling the authorities or taking whatever other steps necessary PCP - Precise Answer ✔✔Person Centered Planning is a process for identifying goals and implementing intervention plans that stands in sharp contrast to traditional program centered planning Discribe how PCP works to help to enable individuals w/ disabilities to increase their self-determination & independence - Precise Answer ✔✔Specific individual needs are considered w/n the context of the normalization & inclusion values perspectives, to produce an intervention plan that emphasizes community participation, meaningful social relationships, enhancing opportunities to make choices, creating roles for the person that engender respect from others, and continued development of personal competencies (PCP seeks to empower individuals w/ disabilities, it almost invariably leads to a focus on the issue of self-determination) Self-determination - Precise Answer ✔✔is a multidimensional construct that includes but is not limited to process elements involving choice and decision making, problem solving,personal goal setting, self management, self instruction, and self advocacy Self-realized - Precise Answer ✔✔if people use a comprehensive, and reasonably accurate, knowledge of themselves and their strengths and
limitations to act in such a manner as to capitalize on this knowledge in a beneficial way Explain why Self-determination is important to all individuals - Precise Answer ✔✔Enhanced quality of life for all persons, gain control over there life, having skills to be successful Identify how traditional models have disempowered individuals w/ disabilities - Precise Answer ✔✔-there is emerging evidence that self determination skills are important for more successful adult & educational outcomes for youth w/ disabilities -people w/ disabilities continual to stress the need for more control & choice in their lives to improve their quality of life -people w/ mental retardation experience limited self-determination & few opportunities to make choices & decisions Who are the primary authorities on the person's life direction? - Precise Answer ✔✔The person at the focus of planning and those who love the person, are the primary authorities on the person's life direction. According to John O'Brien and Hebert Lovett in " Finding a way toward everyday lives", is also another know term known as... - Precise Answer ✔✔Person Centered Planning Person Centered Planning refers to... - Precise Answer ✔✔family of approaches to organizing and guiding community change in alliance w/ people w/ disabilities and their families and friends
