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What are the forces acting on an aircraft in flight? ✔✔Drag. Thrust. Lift and Weight What is direct lift control? ✔✔The elevator / stabilizer provide the direct lift control. What are high lift devices? ✔✔Trailing edge flaps. Leading edge flaps. Slots Define the two major types or Drag. ✔✔Profile and induced drag which equals total drag What are high drag devices? ✔✔Trailing edge flaps, spoilers, landing gear, revere thrust, braking parachute. How do you prevent span-vise airflow on a wing especially swept wing? ✔✔Fences, vortex generators What is the purpose vortex generators and fences? ✔✔To reduce spanwise airflow and thereby reduce its effects What are winglets and how do they work? ✔✔Winglets are aerodynamically efficient surfaces located at the wing tips. They are designed to reduce induced drag. They dispense the spanwise airflow from the upper and lower surfaces at different points. How does a forward center of gravity affect the stall speed? ✔✔A center of gravity forward of the center of pressure will cause a higher stall speed
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What advantages does an aircraft gain from a swept swing? ✔✔High mach cruise speeds, stability in turbulence.
What is Dutch roll? ✔✔Dutch roll is an oscillatory Instability. It is the combination of yawing and rolling motions What causes Dutch roll? ✔✔Swept wings What is the three purposes of spoilers? ✔✔Roll control, Air speed brakes, and ground lift dumpers What our Krueger flaps? ✔✔Krueger flaps are leading edge wing flaps used to increase the wing chamber How do flap affect takeoff ground run? ✔✔A higher flap within the take off range, will reduce the takeoff' ground run for a given aircraft weight. What's the purpose is of yaw and roll dampers? ✔✔To prevent Dutch roll and coordinate turns What are the four reasons for a variable-incident tailplane / stabilizer? ✔✔Provide a balancing force for a large C of G range, cope with large trim changes. Provide balancing force for a large speed range, reduce elevator trim drag. What is a mass balance? ✔✔It is another form of aerodynamic balance control on a control surface. What are active controls? ✔✔A surface that moves automatically / actively in response to non- direct inputs What is engine torque? ✔✔A force causing rotation What is specific fuel consumption (SFC)? ✔✔The quantity / weight (Ib) of fuel consumed per hour divided by the thrust of an engine in pounds
Why do operators use reduced de-rated thrust takeoffs in a jet aircraft? ✔✔To protect engine life and improve reliability, reduce noise. What is the purpose of engine re-light boundaries? ✔✔To ensure that correct proportion of air is delivered to the engines combustion chamber to restart the engine in flight. Why are bleed valves fitted to gas turbine engines? ✔✔To provide bleed air for auxiliary systems, to regulate the correct airflow pressures between different engine sections What fuels are commonly used on jet aircraft? ✔✔Jet A1 - waxing point of - 50 C, Jet A - waxing point of - 40C. Is there a critical engine on a jet aircraft? ✔✔No How does INS/IRS find true north? ✔✔It is aligned to true north by its gyroscopes. What are the advantages of an INS? ✔✔Very accurate, self-contained system, totally global system enabling aircraft to fly great circle tracks What are the disadvantages of INS? ✔✔Bounded errors, unbounded errors, Inherent system errors. What does ISA stand for? ✔✔International standard atmosphere. What is pressure altitude? ✔✔Pressure altitude or pressure height is the international standard atmosphere (ISA) height above the 29.92 / 1013 pressure datum, at which the pressure value experienced represents that of the level under consideration.
What is the runway stopway? ✔✔Is the length of an unprepared surface at the end of the runway in the direction of the takeoff that is capable of supporting an aircraft if the aircraft has to be stopped during a takeoff run. What is VMCG speed? ✔✔Is the minimum control speed (directional control) on the ground for a multi engine aircraft at a constant power setting and configuration What is V1 speed? ✔✔Is the decision speed. What is VR speed? ✔✔Rotation speed What is Vs speed? ✔✔Stall speed. What is Va speed? ✔✔Maneuvering speed What is VMCA speed? ✔✔Is the minimum control speed (directional control) in the air for a multi engine aircraft in the take-off and climb out configuration. What is the relationship between VMCG and V1? ✔✔VMCG must be equal to or less than V What is V2 speed? ✔✔Is the take off safety speed. What is V3 speed? ✔✔Is the all engine operating takeoff climb speed the aircraft will achieve at the screen height. What is V4 sped? ✔✔Is the all engine operating takeoff climb speed the aircraft will achieve by 400ft.
What's maximum range cruise (MRC)? ✔✔The speed at which for a given weight and altitude, the maximum fuel mileage is obtained. What is Long range cruise (LRC)? ✔✔The speed significantly higher than the maximum range speed. What is a cost index? ✔✔Is a performance management function that optimizes the aircrafts speed for the minimum cost. What is the pressure gradient force? ✔✔Is a natural force generated by a difference in pressure across a horizontal distance. What is a trough? ✔✔Is a V-shaped extension of a low pressure system What is an occluded front? ✔✔Is a combination of both a cold and a warm front. What is windshear? ✔✔Is any variation of wind speed and or direction from place to place including updrafts and downdrafts. What is a microburst? ✔✔Is a severe downdraft. What is CAT? ✔✔Is an acronym for clear air turbulence What is the IT'CZ? ✔✔The intertropical convergence zone is where converging air masses meet near the thermal equator. What is ETOPS? ✔✔Ex-tended twin operations
What risk does cumuliform clouds create when found in stratus cloud? ✔✔Embedded Thunderstorms What system controls the braking during a rejected T/O? ✔✔The Auto Brake System with Anti Skid protection What will occur if the DALR (Dry Adiabatic lapse Rate) ie: Dry Bulb = the SALR (Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate) ie: Wet Bulb?A Cloud Base will form ✔✔Other options: It will rain or the air mass will be unstable For a 2 engine aircraft what are the return airfield requirements ie: How far do you require and adequate A/D to be? ✔✔The airport must be within 60 min SE airspeed unless the company has ETOPS Approval. What are the T/O minima for 2 crew? ✔✔800m & 0 unless company has dispo & crew are approved What is the T/O visibility predicated on? Visibility or RVR? ✔✔depends on the A/D & the operator Use RVR If RVR 150 to 200 m Vis If Vis 800 to 300 m Vis Apparently the Vis is predicated on RVR A question relating to the C of G and the Centre of Pressure? ✔✔A rear ward C of G is the best therefore the Centre of Pressure must be forward of the C of G At what levels can windshear occur? ✔✔All levels ie: Low Level Mid Level & High Level Where is the FAF point on an ILS? ✔✔At the intercept of G/S at the altitude you are at or by the min altitude published on the chart The Maltese Cross is for Non Precision Approaches For a CAT 1 Approach what are the minima? ✔✔200' & 550 RVR
Where can you intercept the ILS Approach? ✔✔By the minimum altitude & GS intercept unless being radar vectored You have commenced an ILS approach. The WX has now gone below the minima. What do you do? ✔✔Execute a G/A Is De-Icing fluid effective in flight? ✔✔No. Designed for ground use only. Designed to leave the aircraft once airborne AT what point do you use Anti Ice / De-Ice protection? ✔✔10'C to - 40'C SAT What determines your choice of HF frequency for communication ✔✔The position of the sun in the sky during the day the ionosphere is lower that at night therefore a lower frequency is required to travel the same distance at night What is available with ICAO 2 procedures ✔✔Airspace classification and definition What does the rudder PSI reducer do ✔✔Takes the stress off the vertical tail fin What cloud is indicative of turbulence ✔✔Lenticular Cloud or Standing Wave Clouds ...... Same thing How does a negative pressure relief valve work ✔✔negative spring load What effect do slats have on the angle of attack ✔✔The angle of attack will increase. What is the definition of ASDA ✔✔The length of the take off run available TORA (the physical length of the runway) plus the length of any stopway available. I.e. ASDA = TORA + STOPWAY
If TAS is 480 knots and the local speed of sound is 600 knots. What is the Mach number ✔✔Mach # = TAS/Local speed of sound. MN O.80 = 480/600. For a given speed, how does your rate of descent vary with weight ✔✔An increase in weight will increase your rate of descent and vice versa. Which of TORA, ASDA and TODA does clearway change ✔✔TODA What months would you cross the ITCZ going to South Africa ✔✔All year round What is the outbound entry timing in a hold ✔✔Up to and including FL140 - 1 minute. Above FL140 - 1.5 minutes How does Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption vary with an increase in altitude ✔✔Decreases. Why does the Airbus have a tail tank ✔✔To increase range and provide balanced trim. Which months is the monsoon season in South Asia ✔✔November to February How would you deal with a fire on a cabin seat ✔✔Use BCF to extinguish the flame, and water to stop smoldering. What type of extinguisher would you use on an electrical fire ✔✔BCF What is the local time in DAC when it is noon in London (DAC is UTC+6) ✔✔6pm What happens to airspeed in the climb with a blocked Pitot ✔✔Over read; static pressure inside the instrument decrease showing and increase of airspeed.
What happens to airspeed in the descent with a blocked static port ✔✔Over read; static pressure in the instrument remain constant instead of decreasing causing the instrument to over read. If after 120nm you are 4nm off course, what heading correction should you use to regain track in 60 nm ✔✔4 degrees. What is Parasite drag ✔✔Parasite drag is made up of pressure and skin friction drag. Parasite drag is caused by any aircraft surface which deflects or interferes with the smooth airflow around the airplane. The lift generated by a wing varies with angle of attack such that it ✔✔Produces maximum lift just before the stall angle is reached. When an aircrafts wing reaches the stall angle, the wing stops generating lift. When no transponder code is assigned or published you should ✔✔Squawk code 2000 OCTA or 3000 CTA On a flight from Athens to Madrid, a correct flight level would be ✔✔An even flight level. When holding below Fl40 with no turbulence, unless specifically notified, the correct speed would be ✔✔230 knots For planning purposes, normal diversion fuel must be calculated ✔✔At Long Range Cruise. At night, the minimum required exterior lighting for an aircraft in flight is ✔✔An unobstructed red and green light. An unobstructed white light. An airplane in flight or operating on the maneuvering area of a land aerodrome shall display, in addition to the navigation lights, an anti- collision light consisting of a flashing red light. When considering a balanced field length ✔✔The flight crew are required to use a VI speed from the AFM that results in an accelerate-go and accelerate-stop distances, or a balanced field length, appropriate for the airplane's takeoff weight, the-airplane's takeoff configuration, the
If two aircraft are approaching head on, which way do you turn to avoid a collision ✔✔Both aircraft should alter heading to the right. What is the effect of engine bleed air for air conditioning and anti-ice on takeoff performance ✔✔Takeoff performance is reduced. Besides using the scale, where can you measure distance on a Jeppesen chart ✔✔You can use the lines of longitude. What happens to specific fuel consumption with altitude ✔✔It will decrease. Why do modern jets have a swept wing ✔✔To permit a high cruise mach number with low drag. What should you see when following the VASI on the glide path ✔✔PAPI: 2 white lights and 2 red lights. What does VVxxx mean on a TAF ✔✔Vertical visibility is unavailable. What does WS stand for ✔✔Windshear. What are the aerodynamic effects of a swept wing ✔✔High mach cruise speeds and stability in turbulence. What is the relationship of altitude and performance of the jet engine ✔✔They both decrease with altitude. If the maximum fuel of the Airbus 310 is 48.8 tonnes at a fuel specific gravity of 0.80, what will be the capacity at a fuel SG of 0.75 ✔✔45.75 T (0.75/0.8 x 48.8)
If TAS is 480 knots and the local speed of sound is 600 knots, what is the mach number ✔✔MO. When flying the back beam of the LLZ, indications on both the ~conventional VOR and HSI will be what ✔✔Reversed (not on new Boeing) A forward or aft C o G is more efficient ✔✔Aft, because this reduces tailplane force which reduces aerodynamic drag. Can an increase in clearway increase MTOW ✔✔Yes Clearway will increase/decrease MTOW, and increase/decrease V1 ✔✔Increase, decrease ASDA = TORA + what ✔✔Stopway Stopway increases ASDA/TORA/TODA ✔✔ASDA What are the engines on Qatar Aieways A330 ✔✔GE Dubai pressure altitude = 39', if the temperature was 41 degrees C, what is the density altitude ✔✔DH = PH corrected for temperature. DH = 39' + 120 (41-15) = 3159' If an anti-cyclone brings good wx in the southern hemisphere, what wx does it bring in the northern hemisphere? ✔✔it will also bring good weather in the northern hemisphere. High bypass turbofan engines are uses on commercial aircraft because? ✔✔The overall noise signature of advance turbofan engines with highly loaded wide chord fan blades is significantly less than previous older technology engines.
If when flying at 39000' you found the Static outside air temperature to be - 47.5°, the deviation from the International Standard Atmosphere would be? ✔✔ISA+9 (-56.5 compared to - 47.5 = 9 degrees warmer) An anabatic wind is one which? ✔✔Blows up a steep slope or mountain side. It is also known as an upslope flow. These winds typically occur during the daytime in calm sunny weather. Cumulonimbus clouds are more likely to form? To create a cumulonimbus cloud, you need three ingredients. ✔✔(a) Plenty of moisture (b) A mass of warm unstable air (c) A source of energy to lift the warm, moist air mass rapidly upwards. In the Northern Hemisphere, the diurnal variation of wind at about 2000' is such that? ✔✔The wind will have an increasing speed and the wind direction will veer. On the Indian subcontinent, the northeasterly monsoon occurs? ✔✔Between June and September. During an ILS approach, the required rate of descent will be? ✔✔ 5 x G/S =RoD required for a 3 degree slope. When flying and NDB approach using an RMI, to regain track when off track? ✔✔You must first turn through the needle. A Katabatic wind is one which ✔✔Is a local valley wind that flows down the side of a hill Buy ballots law states that ✔✔Buys ballot's law is if you stand with your back to the wind in the northern hemisphere, the low pressure (temperature) will be on your left. N.B. In the Southern Hemisphere the low temp/press will be on your right.
DME range at FL350 is approximately: ✔✔Range = 1.5 x Aircraft Height in feet. (Answer in nm) 229nm The centre of Lift moves ✔✔The distribution of pressure and centre of pressure point will be further forward the higher the angle of attack and further aft the lower the angle of attack. The effect of extending flaps is to ✔✔Increase the camber of the wing and produce more lift at lower airspeeds. On a Lambert chart, the distance scale is most accurate ✔✔Between standard parallels. The ISA temperature at FL390 is ✔✔-56.5 degrees c The transponder code for radio failure is ✔✔ 7600 What sort of weather would you expect in an area of low pressure ✔✔In general, the weather associated with a low-pressure system is as follows: Cloud formation and related weather are present, Le. Precipitation etc. This is due to the adiabatic cooling experienced by the ascending air in a depression. Any instability in the rising air may lead to the vertical development of cumuliform clouds accompanied by rain showers. INS navigation is with reference to ✔✔The directional acceleration information provided from the INS's accelerometers and gyroscopes is calculated by the position computer that determines the aircraft's present latitude and longitude position, provided a correct initial position has been input. TCAS works on/uses ✔✔TCAS interrogates the SSR transponders of nearby aircraft to plot their positions and relative velocities. With this information, the TCAS computer can determine if a potential collision risk exists and if so, provide visual and aural warning as well as command actions on how to avoid the collision. This is done all with vertical commands only. The transponder setting for hijacking is ✔✔ 7500
