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______ in DNA and RNA can lead to error in proteins. - ansMutations 2 Types of nucleic acids: - ans1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
3 Primary types of chemical bonds: - ans1. Covalent
- Ionic
- Polar 4 Types of Macromolecules - anscarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids A cell that secretes chemicals contain higher levels of what organelle? - ansGolgi Apparatus Adenine pairs with ______ in DNA, and with ______ in RNA - ansThymine; uracil Adipose Tissue - ansConnective tissue in the body that stores fat. All proteins contain - ansC, H, O and N (Nitrogen) amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH) Allele - ansDifferent types or versions of a gene Amino acids are joined by what bond? - ansPeptide At the molecular level, carbohydrates contain - ansCarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrate functions in living systems - ans1. storage
- structure3. communication/recognition
Carbohydrate monomers tend to end in - ans-ose Carbohydrate stored in the liver - ansglycogen Carbohydrates that store energy - ansGlycogen (humans) Amylopectin and Amylose (plants) Carbohydrates used in cellular communication - ansGlycoprotein (immunity) &Glycolipids (cell membrane)
Centromere - ansArea where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached chitin - anscarbohydrate used by fungi to add structure to their cell wall and byinsects/anthropods in their exoskeleton
Chromatid - ansone of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere containing DNA + Protein. Codon - ansthree-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid Combination Inheritance - ansDifferent alleles expressed at the same time (AB) Dehydration Synthesis - ansA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule (endothermic)- how macromolecules form DNA - ansDeoxyribonucleic acid that has a double helix structure, deoxyribose sugarbackbone, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases
DNA contains the sugar ____________, while RNA contains the sugar ___________. - ansdeoxyribose; ribose Endothermic Reaction - ansA reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat Enzyme - ansProtein that increases reaction rate in the body Every monomer of nucleic acid contain 3 things: - ans1. sugar2. phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base Examples of globular (hydrophilic proteins) - ans1. Enzymes
- Antibodies
- Hemoglobin Fibrous, hydrophobic protein that is the main structural tissue in the body - ansCollagen Functions of proteins in the body - ans1. Provide structure
- Provide immunity3. Provide transport
- Increase reaction rate (enzymes). Gene - ansGroup of DNA base pairs that encode a protein Gene - ansSection of DNA that encodes a protein Genotype versus phenotype - ansGenotype Genetic makeup a person inherits Phenotype Characteristic or trait the person eventually has
Monomers - anssmall molecular building blocks of polymers Muscle cells contain a lot of which organelle? - ansMitochondrion On a molecular level, lipids contain a lot of - anshydrogen and carbon Phospholipids - ansUsed by cells, particularly in cell membranes, to provide structure Plants use carbohydrates in the form of - anscellulose Polygenic Inheritance - ansAn additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. Polypeptides - ansa polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Process of creating mRNA from DNa - anstranscription Process of encoding proteins - ansTranslation Protein with hydrophobic ends that transport material in and out of the cell that is used in cellular communication - ansMembrane protein Purines - ansBases with a double-ring structure.Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines - anscytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA) RNA carries information from the nucleus to the _______ where proteins are made - ansribosome RNA is unstable under ____ conditions. - ansalkaline Simplest unit of a carbohydrate - ansmonosaccharide Simplest unit of a protein - ansamino acid Simplest unit of nucleic acids - ansnucleotide Smallest unit of a lipid - ansfatty acid The 2 major classes of proteins are - ansHormones and Enzymes The breakdown of macromolecules is what kind of reaction? - ansExothermic reaction called hydrolysis
The creation of macromolecules is what kind of reaction? - ansEndothermic reaction called dehydration The sugar found in DNA is more _________ than that of RNA's. - ansreduced This lipid bilayer has a hydrophilic phosphate group that points towards the aqueous environment: - ansphospholipid bilayer What characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope? - ansNeutron What does the pH scale measure? - ansthe concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on? - ans What is the bond between nitrogenous bases? - anshydrogen bonds What is the function of membrane proteins? - ans-transport substances across the plasma membrane as protein channels and carrier proteins-structure -body wide communication (immunity) What is the function of messenger RNA? - ansCarries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes- translates the DNA's instructions tomake proteins
What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates? - ans1:2: What makes the mitotic spindle? - ansmicrotubules When lipids are broken down, they release - ansEnergy Which macromolecule will always contain a nitrogen - ansProtein (NH2) Which nitrogenous base does uracil replace in DNA? - ansthymine Which nucleic acid regulates protein expression? - ansRNA Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? - ansLysosome Which organelle makes a ribosome? - ansNucleolus Which type of bond between the complementary bases of DNA stabilizes the double helix structure? - ansHydrogen bond Which type of bond connects monomers in carbohydrates and lipids? - ansCovalent (carbohydrates)
chitin - anscarbohydrate used by fungi to add structure to their cell wall and by insects/anthropods in their exoskeleton Chromatid - ansone of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere containing DNA + Protein. Codon - ansthree-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid Combination Inheritance - ansDifferent alleles expressed at the same time (AB) Dehydration Synthesis - ansA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule (endothermic)- how macromoleculesform
DNA - ansDeoxyribonucleic acid that has a double helix structure, deoxyribose sugar backbone, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases DNA contains the sugar ____________, while RNA contains the sugar ___________. - ansdeoxyribose; ribose Endothermic Reaction - ansA reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat Enzyme - ansProtein that increases reaction rate in the body Every monomer of nucleic acid contain 3 things: - ans1. sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base Examples of globular (hydrophilic proteins) - ans1. Enzymes
- Antibodies
- Hemoglobin Fibrous, hydrophobic protein that is the main structural tissue in the body - ansCollagen Functions of proteins in the body - ans1. Provide structure
- Provide immunity
- Provide transport
- Increase reaction rate (enzymes). Gene - ansGroup of DNA base pairs that encode a protein Gene - ansSection of DNA that encodes a protein Genotype versus phenotype - ansGenotype Genetic makeup a person inherits
Phenotype Characteristic or trait the person eventually hasObserved physically
Glucose - ansA very common carbohydrate monomer that exists as a hexose (meaning it has 6 carbons in it). Glycoprotein - ansA protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it, used by the human body for cellular recognition. Oligosaccharide with amino acids attached that attaches to a cell's lipid membrane in cellular recognition; antibody, immunoglobulin How are carbohydrates stored in the liver? - ansas glycogen How are hydrophobic proteins used in the body? - ansProvide structure; keratin & collagen How many amino acids exist? - ans Hydrolysis - ansa chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its covalent bond; key component in digestion Hydrophilic proteins in the body are known as - ansGlobular proteins Hydrophobic proteins have a function of providing ________ & are found where? - ansstructure; keratin (hair and nails), and collagen (skin) Incomplete Dominance - ansCases in which one allele is not completely dominant overanother, in which the heterozygous organism expresses a third trait
Independent Assortment - ansthe random distribution of genes into gametes during meiosis Lipids do not mix with water, meaning they are - anshydrophobic Lipids have 2 important functions - ans1. Storing energy
- Providing structure Macromolecules are also known as - ansbiopolymers Mendelian Inheritance - ansInheritance of genes which follow predictive ratios of dominant/recessive alleles. 3:1 Monohybrid9:3:3:1 Dihybrid
The breakdown of macromolecules is what kind of reaction? - ansExothermic reaction called hydrolysis The creation of macromolecules is what kind of reaction? - ansEndothermic reaction called dehydration The sugar found in DNA is more _________ than that of RNA's. - ansreduced This lipid bilayer has a hydrophilic phosphate group that points towards the aqueous environment: - ansphospholipid bilayer What characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope? - ansNeutron What does the pH scale measure? - ansthe concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on? - ans What is the bond between nitrogenous bases? - anshydrogen bonds What is the function of membrane proteins? - ans-transport substances across the plasma membrane as protein channels and carrier proteins -structure -body wide communication (immunity) What is the function of messenger RNA? - ansCarries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes- translates the DNA's instructions to make proteins What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates? - ans1:2: What makes the mitotic spindle? - ansmicrotubules When lipids are broken down, they release - ansEnergy Which macromolecule will always contain a nitrogen - ansProtein (NH2) Which nitrogenous base does uracil replace in DNA? - ansthymine Which nucleic acid regulates protein expression? - ansRNA Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? - ansLysosome Which organelle makes a ribosome? - ansNucleolus Which type of bond between the complementary bases of DNA stabilizes the double helix structure? - ansHydrogen bond
Which type of bond connects monomers in carbohydrates and lipids? - ansCovalent (carbohydrates) Which type of reaction describes the breakdown of macromolecules? - ansHydrolysis______ in DNA and RNA can lead to error in proteins. - ansMutations
2 Types of nucleic acids: - ans1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) 3 Primary types of chemical bonds: - ans1. Covalent
- Ionic
- Polar 4 Types of Macromolecules - anscarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids A cell that secretes chemicals contain higher levels of what organelle? - ansGolgi Apparatus Adenine pairs with ______ in DNA, and with ______ in RNA - ansThymine; uracil Adipose Tissue - ansConnective tissue in the body that stores fat. All proteins contain - ansC, H, O and N (Nitrogen)amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)
Allele - ansDifferent types or versions of a gene Amino acids are joined by what bond? - ansPeptide At the molecular level, carbohydrates contain - ansCarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrate functions in living systems - ans1. storage
- structure3. communication/recognition
Carbohydrate monomers tend to end in - ans-ose Carbohydrate stored in the liver - ansglycogen Carbohydrates that store energy - ansGlycogen (humans) Amylopectin and Amylose (plants) Carbohydrates used in cellular communication - ansGlycoprotein (immunity) &Glycolipids (cell membrane)
Genotype versus phenotype - ansGenotype Genetic makeup a person inherits Phenotype Characteristic or trait the person eventually has Observed physically Glucose - ansA very common carbohydrate monomer that exists as a hexose (meaning it has 6 carbons in it). Glycoprotein - ansA protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it, used by the human body for cellular recognition. Oligosaccharide with amino acidsattached that attaches to a cell's lipid membrane in cellular recognition; antibody, immunoglobulin How are carbohydrates stored in the liver? - ansas glycogen How are hydrophobic proteins used in the body? - ansProvide structure; keratin & collagen How many amino acids exist? - ans Hydrolysis - ansa chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its covalent bond; key component in digestion Hydrophilic proteins in the body are known as - ansGlobular proteins Hydrophobic proteins have a function of providing ________ & are found where? -ansstructure; keratin (hair and nails), and collagen (skin)
Incomplete Dominance - ansCases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another, in which the heterozygous organism expresses a third trait Independent Assortment - ansthe random distribution of genes into gametes during meiosis Lipids do not mix with water, meaning they are - anshydrophobic Lipids have 2 important functions - ans1. Storing energy
- Providing structure Macromolecules are also known as - ansbiopolymers Mendelian Inheritance - ansInheritance of genes which follow predictive ratios of dominant/recessive alleles.
3:1 Monohybrid 9:3:3:1 Dihybrid Monohybrid Cross - ansA cross between organisms examining one pair of traits. Expected ratio if Dominant/Recessive= 3: Monomers - anssmall molecular building blocks of polymers Muscle cells contain a lot of which organelle? - ansMitochondrion On a molecular level, lipids contain a lot of - anshydrogen and carbon Phospholipids - ansUsed by cells, particularly in cell membranes, to provide structure Plants use carbohydrates in the form of - anscellulose Polygenic Inheritance - ansAn additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. Polypeptides - ansa polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Process of creating mRNA from DNa - anstranscription Process of encoding proteins - ansTranslation Protein with hydrophobic ends that transport material in and out of the cell that is used in cellular communication - ansMembrane protein Purines - ansBases with a double-ring structure.Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines - anscytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA) RNA carries information from the nucleus to the _______ where proteins are made -ansribosome
RNA is unstable under ____ conditions. - ansalkaline Simplest unit of a carbohydrate - ansmonosaccharide Simplest unit of a protein - ansamino acid Simplest unit of nucleic acids - ansnucleotide Smallest unit of a lipid - ansfatty acid
Which type of bond between the complementary bases of DNA stabilizes the double helix structure? - ansHydrogen bond Which type of bond connects monomers in carbohydrates and lipids? - ansCovalent (carbohydrates) Which type of reaction describes the breakdown of macromolecules? - ansHydrolysis______ in DNA and RNA can lead to error in proteins. - ansMutations
2 Types of nucleic acids: - ans1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) 3 Primary types of chemical bonds: - ans1. Covalent
- Ionic3. Polar
4 Types of Macromolecules - anscarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids A cell that secretes chemicals contain higher levels of what organelle? - ansGolgiApparatus
Adenine pairs with ______ in DNA, and with ______ in RNA - ansThymine; uracil Adipose Tissue - ansConnective tissue in the body that stores fat. All proteins contain - ansC, H, O and N (Nitrogen) amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH) Allele - ansDifferent types or versions of a gene Amino acids are joined by what bond? - ansPeptide At the molecular level, carbohydrates contain - ansCarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrate functions in living systems - ans1. storage
- structure
- communication/recognition Carbohydrate monomers tend to end in - ans-ose Carbohydrate stored in the liver - ansglycogen Carbohydrates that store energy - ansGlycogen (humans) Amylopectin and Amylose (plants)
Carbohydrates used in cellular communication - ansGlycoprotein (immunity) & Glycolipids (cell membrane) Centromere - ansArea where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached chitin - anscarbohydrate used by fungi to add structure to their cell wall and by insects/anthropods in their exoskeleton Chromatid - ansone of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere containing DNA + Protein. Codon - ansthree-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid Combination Inheritance - ansDifferent alleles expressed at the same time (AB) Dehydration Synthesis - ansA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule (endothermic)- how macromoleculesform
DNA - ansDeoxyribonucleic acid that has a double helix structure, deoxyribose sugar backbone, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases DNA contains the sugar ____________, while RNA contains the sugar ___________. - ansdeoxyribose; ribose Endothermic Reaction - ansA reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat Enzyme - ansProtein that increases reaction rate in the body Every monomer of nucleic acid contain 3 things: - ans1. sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base Examples of globular (hydrophilic proteins) - ans1. Enzymes
- Antibodies
- Hemoglobin Fibrous, hydrophobic protein that is the main structural tissue in the body - ansCollagen Functions of proteins in the body - ans1. Provide structure
- Provide immunity
- Provide transport
- Increase reaction rate (enzymes). Gene - ansGroup of DNA base pairs that encode a protein
Mendelian Inheritance - ansInheritance of genes which follow predictive ratios of dominant/recessive alleles. 3:1 Monohybrid9:3:3:1 Dihybrid
Monohybrid Cross - ansA cross between organisms examining one pair of traits. Expected ratio if Dominant/Recessive= 3: Monomers - anssmall molecular building blocks of polymers Muscle cells contain a lot of which organelle? - ansMitochondrion On a molecular level, lipids contain a lot of - anshydrogen and carbon Phospholipids - ansUsed by cells, particularly in cell membranes, to provide structure Plants use carbohydrates in the form of - anscellulose Polygenic Inheritance - ansAn additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. Polypeptides - ansa polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Process of creating mRNA from DNa - anstranscription Process of encoding proteins - ansTranslation Protein with hydrophobic ends that transport material in and out of the cell that is used in cellular communication - ansMembrane protein Purines - ansBases with a double-ring structure. Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines - anscytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA) RNA carries information from the nucleus to the _______ where proteins are made - ansribosome RNA is unstable under ____ conditions. - ansalkaline Simplest unit of a carbohydrate - ansmonosaccharide Simplest unit of a protein - ansamino acid Simplest unit of nucleic acids - ansnucleotide
Smallest unit of a lipid - ansfatty acid The 2 major classes of proteins are - ansHormones and Enzymes The breakdown of macromolecules is what kind of reaction? - ansExothermic reaction called hydrolysis The creation of macromolecules is what kind of reaction? - ansEndothermic reactioncalled dehydration
The sugar found in DNA is more _________ than that of RNA's. - ansreduced This lipid bilayer has a hydrophilic phosphate group that points towards the aqueousenvironment: - ansphospholipid bilayer
What characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope? - ansNeutron What does the pH scale measure? - ansthe concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on? - ans What is the bond between nitrogenous bases? - anshydrogen bonds What is the function of membrane proteins? - ans-transport substances across the plasma membrane as protein channels and carrier proteins -structure -body wide communication (immunity) What is the function of messenger RNA? - ansCarries information specifying amino acidsequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes- translates the DNA's instructions to make proteins What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates? - ans1:2: What makes the mitotic spindle? - ansmicrotubules When lipids are broken down, they release - ansEnergy Which macromolecule will always contain a nitrogen - ansProtein (NH2) Which nitrogenous base does uracil replace in DNA? - ansthymine Which nucleic acid regulates protein expression? - ansRNA Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? - ansLysosome
