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Nutrition Exam Review: Questions and Answers with Rationales, Exams of Nutrition

University of Southern Indiana (USI)Nutrition

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering acid-base balance, electrolyte imbalances, and related nursing interventions. Each question includes a detailed rationale to enhance understanding and knowledge retention. This resource is valuable for students preparing for exams and reinforces key concepts in nutrition and patient care.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/10/2025

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ATI NUTRITION PROCTORED EXAM ||2025-2026||ACTUAL
EXAM WITH ALL 60 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES.A+ GRADE
1.
A nurse is reinforcing discharge teaching with a client who has undergone a transurethral
resection of the prostate (TURP). Which of the following statements should the nurse include in
the teaching?
A.
increase fluid intake if you’re in becomes blood tinged
B.
take naproxen for discomfort.
C.
sexual activity is permitted after two weeks.
D.
urinary dribble and will resolve within 5
days. Answer : A.
Rational. The nurse should reinforce that strenuous activity, straining to the bowel movement and
coughing may cause the urine to become blood tinged. If this should occur the client should stop
the activity, rest, and increase fluid intake. If urine becomes increasingly blood tinged or does not
clear , or if the client has difficulty voiding, then he or she should be instructed to notify the
provider.
2 A nurse is reviewing the medical records of a group of clients. The nurse should identify that
hemodialysis is appropriate for which of the following clients ?
A.
A client who has minimal urine output following a drug overdose.
B.
A client who has acute kidney disease and is responding to diuretics.
C.
A client who took excessive laxatives and has a potassium level of 2.8mEq/L.
D.
A client who has been vomiting and has metabolic alkalosis.
E. A client with a potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L
F. A client who has been diarrhea and has metabolic acidosis
Answer. A
Rational: the nurse should recognize that hemodialysis therapy is appropriate for clients who
have end stage kidney disease, drug overdose, hyperkalemia, fluid overdose or metabolic
acidosis.
3.
A nurse is observing a client who has acute alcohol intoxication. The nurse should identify
that the client is at risk for which of the following acid-base imbalances?
A.
Respiratory acidosis
B.
Respiratory
alkalosis C. Metabolic
acidosis
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Download Nutrition Exam Review: Questions and Answers with Rationales and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity!

ATI NUTRITION PROCTORED EXAM || 2025 - 202 6||ACTUAL

EXAM WITH ALL 60 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED

ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES.A+ GRADE

  1. A nurse is reinforcing discharge teaching with a client who has undergone a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? A. increase fluid intake if you’re in becomes blood tinged B. take naproxen for discomfort. C. sexual activity is permitted after two weeks. D. urinary dribble and will resolve within 5 days. Answer : A. Rational. The nurse should reinforce that strenuous activity, straining to the bowel movement and coughing may cause the urine to become blood tinged. If this should occur the client should stop the activity, rest, and increase fluid intake. If urine becomes increasingly blood tinged or does not clear , or if the client has difficulty voiding, then he or she should be instructed to notifythe provider. 2 A nurse is reviewing the medical records of a group of clients. The nurse should identify that hemodialysis is appropriate for which of the following clients? A. A client who has minimal urine output following a drug overdose. B. A client who has acute kidney disease and is responding to diuretics. C. A client who took excessive laxatives and has a potassium level of 2.8mEq/L. D. A client who has been vomiting and has metabolic alkalosis. E. A client with a potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L F. A client who has been diarrhea and has metabolic acidosis Answer. A Rational: the nurse should recognize that hemodialysis therapy is appropriate for clients who have end stage kidney disease, drug overdose, hyperkalemia, fluid overdose or metabolic acidosis.
  2. A nurse is observing a client who has acute alcohol intoxication. The nurse should identify that the client is at risk for which of the following acid-base imbalances? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis

D. Metabolic alkalosis Answer: C. Common causes of metabolic acidosis include alcohol or ethanol intoxication, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoxia, kidney failure, diarrhea, and pancreatitis.

  1. A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who has metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse expect? A. pH 7.31, HCO3- 22 mEq/L, PaCO2 50 mmHg B. pH 7.48, HCO3- 23 mEq/L, PaCO2 25 mmHg Answer: D. These laboratory values reflect metabolic alkalosis. The pH and the bicarbonate are greater than the expected reference range, and the PaCO2 is within the expected reference range.
  2. A nurse is caring for a client who is extremely anxious and is hyperventilating. The client's ABG results are pH 7.50, PaCO2 27 mmHg, and HCO3- 25 mEq/L. The nurse should identify that the client has which of the following acid-base imbalances? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Metabolic alkalosis Answer: C. Because of rapid breathing, the client is exhaling excessive amounts of carbon dioxide. This loss of carbon dioxide decreases the hydrogen ion level of the blood, which causes the pH to increase and results in respiratory alkalosis. Which one is not common causes of metabolic acidosis? Liver Failure
  3. A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has kidney disease. Which of the following food choices should the nurse include in the teaching as containing the lowest amount of magnesium? A. Yogurt B. Corn Flakes C. Hard boiled egg D. Leafy Greens Answer: C. Hard Boiled Egg C. pH 7.32, HCO3- 18 mEq/L, PaCO2 40 mmHg D. pH 7.49, HCO3- 32 mEq/L, PaCO2 40 mmHg

deplete magnesium levels. Which one can you deplete magnesium level(SATA)? Nasogastric losses due to suctioning Fistula drainage Diarrhea

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who has a serum sodium level of 133 mEq/L and serum potassium level of 3.4 mEq/L. Which of the following treatments is a risk factor for these laboratory findings? A. Three tap water enemas B. 0.9% NaCl IV C. Dextrose 5% in water with 20 mEq of K+ IV D. Spironolactone therapy Answer: A. Three tap water enemas Rationale: Three tap water enemas can deplete Na & K. Tap water is hypotonic and can move from the bowel lumen into the ICF, causing water intoxication and electrolyte imbalance
  2. A nurse is caring for a client who has metabolic alkalosis. As the client compensates for this acid-base imbalance, which of the following mechanisms should the nurse expect the client's body to use? A. Hypoventilation B. Hyperventilation C. Increased renal acid excretion D. Decreased renal acid excretion Answer: A. Rationale: Hypoventilation is the mechanism that helps clients compensate for metabolic alkalosis. As a result, the client's PaCO2 and HCO3- will increase.
  3. A nurse is caring for a client who has metabolic acidosis. As the client compensates for this acid-base imbalance,

which of the Following mechanisms should the nurse expect the clients body to use? Hyperventilation

  1. A nurse is caring for an older adult client in a long-term care facility who is dehydrated. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Initiate fluid restrictions to limit the client’s intake. B. Observe for indications of peripheral edema C. Encourage the client to promote oxygenation by ambulating D. Monitor for orthostatic hypotension Answer: D. Rationale: The nurse should monitor for orthostatic hypotension because the client has manifestations of dehydration due to decreased circulatory volume.
  2. A nurse is collecting data from a client who has hyperkalemia. Which of the following disorders is a risk factor for this electrolyte imbalance? A. Diabetic ketoacidosis B. Heart Failure C. Aldosterone excess D. Excessive sweating Answer: A. Ketoacidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney disease, and crash injuries are all risk factors of hyperkalemia
  3. A nurse is collecting data from a client who has hypomagnesemia. Which of the following techniques should the nurse use to check for Chvostek sign? A. Apply a blood pressure cuff to the client's arm. B. Place the stethoscope's bell over the client's carotid artery. C. Tap lightly on the client's cheek. D. Ask the client to lower her chin to her chest. Answer: C. Tap lightly on the client's cheek. Rationale: The nurse taps the client's cheek over the facial nerve just in front of the ear lobe to elicit Chvostek sign. A positive response is facial twitching on the same side of the face. A positive Chvostek’s sign indicates hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia. Hyperactive deeptendon reflexes and muscle tetany are signs of hypomagnesemia.

Rationale: The nurse should instruct the client about using pursed-lip breathing during periods of dyspnea to slow expiration, increase airway pressure, and facilitate effective gas exchange.

  1. A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic kidney disease (CKD). The client suddenly develops restlessness and dyspnea and the nurse auscultates crackles in the client's lungs. Whichof the following actions should the nurse first take? A. Administer IV furosemide. B. Obtain an oxygen saturation level. C. Administer IV morphine sulfate. D. Place the client in a high fowler's position. D. Place the client in a high fowler's position. The first action the nurse should take when using the airway, breathing, circulation approach to client care is to place the client experiencing pulmonary edema in a high fowler's position. This action, along with the application of O2, facilities gas exchange and increases the ease of breathing.
  2. A nurse is caring for a patient who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is experiencing shortness of breath. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? a) Monitor the client's arterial blood gas results b) Reinforce how to perform controlled coughing c) Reinforce how to perform pursed-lip breathing d) Place the client in an upright position. Answer: D. Rationale: Using the airway. breathing, and circulation (ABC) approach to client care, the nurse should place the client in an upright position to facilitate chest expansion and proper diaphragmatic contraction. Positioning the client upright will also assist with mobilizing secretions that might be impeding airflow.
  3. When analyzing an arterial blood gas report of a pt with COPD & respiratory acidosis, the nurse anticipates that compensation will develop through which of the following mechanisms? A. The kidneys retain bicarbonate. B. The kidneys excrete bicarbonate. C. The lungs will retain carbon dioxide. D. The lungs will excrete carbon dioxide. Answer: A. Rationale A: The kidneys will compensate for a respiratory disorder by retaining bicarbonate.

Rationale B: Excreting bicarbonate causes acidosis to develop. Rationale C: Retaining carbon dioxide causes respiratory acidosis. Rationale D: Excreting carbon dioxide causes respiratory alkalosis

  1. A patient is admitted with burns over 50% of his body. The nurse realizes that this patient is at risk for which of the following electrolyte imbalances? A. Hypercalcemia B. Hypophosphatemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypermagnesemia Answer: B Rationale A: Pts who experience burns are not at an increased risk for developing increased blood calcium levels. Rationale B: Causes of hypophosphatemia include stress responses & extensive burns. Rationale C: Pts who experience burns are not at an increased risk for developing increased blood sodium levels. Rationale D: Pts who experience burns are not at an increased risk for developing increased blood magnesium levels.
  2. A nurse is collecting data from a client who has a total calcium level of 12.7 mg/dL. Whichof the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Muscle tremors B. Positive Chvostek's sign C. Depressed deep-tendon reflexes D. Numbness around the mouth Correct Answer: C. Depressed deep-tendon reflexes A total calcium level of 12.7 mg/dL is above the expected reference range. Manifestations of hypercalcemia include depressed deep-tendon reflexes, nausea, vomiting, bone pain, lethargy, and weakness. Incorrect Answers: A. Muscle tremors are manifestations of hypocalcemia, not hypercalcemia. B. Positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs are manifestations of hypocalcemia, not hypercalcemia. D. Numbness and tingling around the mouth and in the extremities are manifestations of

A: A client who has a new diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. B: A client who has a heart failure. C: A client who is receiving treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis. D: A client who has abdominal ascites. Answer: B. The nurse should anticipate a client who has heart failure to require fluid and sodium restriction to reduce the workload on the heart

  1. A nurse is preparing to assist a provider in withdrawing arterial blood from a client’s radial artery for ABG measurement. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? A. Hyperventilate the client with 100% oxygen prior to obtaining the specimen. B. Apply ice to the site after obtaining specimens. C. Check the circulation in the client’s ulnar artery prior to obtaining the specimen. D. Release the pressure applied to the puncture site 1 minute after the needle is withdrawn. Answer: C. Rationale: The nurse should ensure that circulation to the hand is adequate from the ulnar artery in case the radial artery is injured from the blood draw. The most common site for withdrawal of arterial blood gases is the radial artery. what is the best way for a nurse to determine a patient’s fluid balance? A- access vitals sign B- weigh patient daily C- monitor Iv fluid intake D- check diagnostic test results Answer: B By weighing the patient daily the nurse can measure how much fluid is being retained or lost. The nurse should weigh the patient every morning before breakfast and have the patient wear the same clothes to ensure an accurate weight is being taken.
  2. A pt is diagnosed with severe hyponatremia. The nurse realizes this pt will most likely need which of the following precautions implemented? A. seizure B. infection C. neutropenic D. high-risk fall

Answer: A. seizure Rationale A: Severe hyponatremia can lead to seizures. Seizure precautions such as a quiet environment, raised side rails, & having an oral airway at the bedside would be included. Rationale B: Infection precautions not specifically indicated for a pt with hyponatremia. Rationale C: Neutropenic precautions not specifically indicated for a pt with hyponatremia. Rationale D: High-risk fall precautions not specifically indicated for a pt with hyponatremia. The patient is experiencing hyponatremia. What treatment does the nurse anticipate? Fluid restriction

  1. A pt is receiving intravenous fluids postoperatively following cardiac surgery. Nursing assessments should focus on which postoperative complication? A. fluid volume excess B. fluid volume deficit C. seizure activity D. liver failure Answer: A. fluid volume excess Rationale A: Antidiuretic hormone & aldosterone levels are commonly increased following the stress response before, during, & immediately after surgery. This increase leads to sodium & water retention. Adding more fluids intravenously can cause a fluid volume excess & stress uponthe heart & circulatory system. Rationale B: Adding more fluids intravenously can cause a fluid volume excess, not fluid volume deficit, & stress upon the heart & circulatory system. Rationale C: Seizure activity would more commonly be associated with electrolyte imbalances. Rationale D: Liver failure is not anticipated related to postoperative intravenous fluid administration.
  2. What is the nurse's primary concern regarding fluid & electrolytes when caring for an elderly pt who is intermittently confused? A. risk of dehydration B. risk of kidney damage C. risk of stroke D. risk of bleeding Answer: A. risk of dehydration

Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis is a common complication for COPD. It occurs when patients are unable to exhale carbon dioxide due to a loss of elastic recoil in the lungs.

  1. A nurse is providing nutrition education to a client who has osteomalacia. The nurse should identify that this condition is caused by a deficiency in which of the following nutrients? a. Fluoride b. Vitamin Ac. Vitamin D d. Phosphorus Answer: C. Osteomalacia is softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization, resulting from a deficiency of Vit D.
  2. The nurse sees that the patient is scheduled to have a potassium supplement. In addition to the last potassium level, what would the nurse assess before administering the potassium? A. Urinary output B. Blood pressure C. Respiratory rate D. Hematocrit level Answer: A. The nurse must know that the patient is producing urine before administering potassium. If not, the patient will be at risk for hyperkalemia.
  3. The nurse is assessing an older adult and observes dry mucous membranes, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure and poor skin turgor. The patient seems mildly confused and continuously asks for water. What would the nurse do first? A. Assess the patient for additional signs of dehydration B. Offer the patient a glass of water and reassess in several hours C. Count the respirations and assess additional signs of respiratory acidosis D. Call the provider and report the assessment findings. Answer. A. The patient is showing signs of dehydration. The nurse would assess for other signs/symptoms: flat neck veins, orthostatic hypotension, specific gravity of urine, dark urine, and elevated temperature.
  4. While in the delivery room with his wife, the father begins to develop an anxiety reaction and lightheadedness. Which intervention does the nurse use to prevent respiratory alkalosis? A. Coach panting respirations

B. Provide nasal oxygen C. Have him breath into a paper bag D. Have him cough and deep breath Answer C: Breathing into a paper bag helps the father to “rebreathe” some of the carbon dioxide that he is losing because he is hyperventilating. This will help correct the blood pH. Panting will contribute to respiratory alkalosis.

  1. The patient is on mechanical ventilation. The arterial blood gas results indicate that the patient has respiratory alkalosis. What would the nurse do first? A. Suction the airway for excessive secretions or a mucus plug B. Notify the RN or healthcare provider C. Check the ventilator settings and compare to the orders D. Deliver breaths using a bag valve mask with high flow oxygen Answer C: Respiratory alkalosis can be related to rapid respiratory rates. The nurse would check the ventilator settings to ensure that they match the orders. If the ventilator settings are incorrect, the nurse would reset them. The RN and provider should be notified about the blood gas results and any action that was taken. Excessive secretions or a mucus plug are more likely to cause respiratory acidosis. Using the bag-valve-mask would be appropriate as a temporary measure if the nurse determines that the ventilator is malfunctioning.
  2. A nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client who has hypovolemia due to vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse should expect which of the following findings? SATA A. Distended neck veins B. Hyperthermia C. Tachycardia D. Syncope E. Decreased skin turgor Rationale: C, D, E. Tachycardia is an expected finding in hypovolemia. Syncope is an expected finding of hypovolemia. Decreased skin turgor is an expected finding in hypovolemia.

imbalances? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis Answer: C. Metabolic acidosis. Rationale: Acid retention increases with advancing CKD. The client develops Kussmaul respirations (increase in depth and rate) to promote excretion of carbon dioxide through the lungs.

  1. Which patient has the greatest risk for developing hypokalemia? a. Has a small bowel obstruction b. Has renal failure c. Consumes excessive alcohol d. Takes prescribed loop diuretic Answer: D. Patients who take loop diuretics must be cautioned about the signs of low potassium and advised about foods that provide potassium. Patients with small bowel obstruction are more at risk for hyponatremia. Renal failure often results in hyperkalemia. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia.
  2. A nurse is assessing a pt who has hypokalemia as a result of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A Hyperactive reflexes B. Extreme thirst C. Weak, irregular pulse D. Hyperactive bowel sounds Answer: C. Common manifestations of potassium depletion include a weak and irregular pulse, muscle weakness, fatigue, and ventricular dysrhythmias
  3. A nurse is caring for a client who has a post-op ileus and an NG tube that has drained 2500 mL in the past 6 hours. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances should the nurse monitor for? A. Elevated sodium level

B. Decreased potassium level C. Elevated magnesium level D. Decreased calcium level Answer: B. Hypokalemia is an electrolyte imbalance in which the serum potassium level is less than 3.5 mEq/L. Hypokalemia may be the result of diuretic use, diarrhea, vomiting, and prolonged nasogastric suctioning Common manifestations of potassium depletion include.(SATA)? Weak & irregular pulse muscle weakness fatigue Ventricular dysrhythmias.

  1. The nurse offers to take an older neighbor to the grocery store. As they are shopping, the neighbor tells the nurse that, “my doctor told me to watch my salt intake.” Which items in the shopping cart would the nurse suggest they put back on the shelf? SATA A. Cheddar cheese B. Ketchup C. Oranges D. Pretzels E. Frozen TV dinner Answer A, B, D, E: The nurse would assist the neighbor by helping her to read labels. Condiments, many canned foods, frozen foods and prepared items frequently have a high salt content.
  2. The nurse is checking the laboratory data of a woman who is at risk for osteoporosis. Which electrolyte value is most relevant to this condition? A. Sodium level of 145 mEq/L C. Potassium of 3.5 mEq/dL D. Phosphorus level of 3.4 mEq/dL Answer: B. The patient’s calcium level is low, and this increases her risk for bone weakness and other problems associated with osteoporosis. The other values are within normal limits. B. Calcium level of 3.0 mEq/dL Phosphorus level of 1.5 mEq/dL

E. Tachypnea Answer A B D E A. lack of fluid results in dryness of skin and decrease turgor B. urine is concentrated due to lack of fluid in the vascular system. D. low grade fever one of body ways to maintain homeostasis to compensate for lack of fluid E. increased respirations obtain oxygen due to lack of fluid

  1. After obtaining an EKG on a patient you notice that ST depression is present along with an inverted T wave and prominent U wave. What lab value would be the cause of this finding? A. Magnesium level of 2. B. Potassium level of 5.6 C. Potassium level of

D. Phosphorus level of 2. Answer - C. Hypokalemia (normal potassium levels are 3.5 to 5.1) will present with these type of EKG findings. The patients potassium level is 5.2. When the LVN discusses dietary selections, the patient should be instructed to limit intake of what food items. (SATA)? Kiwi Tomatoes Orange juice Bananas

  1. Which patient below would have a potassium level of 5.5? A. A 76 year old who reports taking lasix four times a dayB. A patient with Addison’s disease C. A 55 year old woman who have been vomiting for 3 days consistently D. A patient with liver failure Answer B. A patient with Addison’s disease suffers from increased potassium levels due to adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, potassium levels higher than 5.1 may present in patients with Addison’s disease.
  1. The nurse evaluates the results of laboratory tests completed on a client admitted for nonhealing wound. Which of the following values would be a priority for the nurse? a. Blood urea nitrogen 15mg/dL(5.4mmol/L) b. Serum albumin 3.7 g/dL (37g/L) c. Serum potassium 4.5 mEq/L (4. mmol/L) d. Serum sodium 153 mEq/L ( mmol/L) Serum albumin 3.0 g/dL Answer: D. Rationale: Nutritional deficiencies (eg, zinc, protein, vitamin C) and dehydration (hypernatremia, elevated BUN) can impair wound healing. Dehydration (loss of free water) can increase serum sodium levels. The normal value for serum sodium is 135 - 145 mEq/L (135- 145 mmol/L) Increased serum kevel (hypernatremia) has an osmotic action that causes water to be pulled fromthe interstitial spaces in the vascular system.
  2. A client is admitted in the hospital due to having lower than normal potassium level in her bloodstream. Her medical history reveals vomiting and diarrhea prior to hospitalization. Which foods should the nurse instruct the client to increase? e. Whole grains and nuts f. Milk products and green, leafy vegetables g. Pork products and canned vegetables h. Orange juice and bananas Answer: D Rationale: The client with hypokalemia needs to increase the intake of foods high in potassium. Orange juice and bananas are high in potassium, along with raisins, apricots, avocados, beans, and potatoes. Whole grains and nuts would be encouraged for the client with hypomagnesemia; milk products and green, leafy vegetables are good sources of calcium for the client with hypocalcemia. Pork products and canned vegetables are high in sodium and are encouraged for the client with hyponatremia.
  3. The nurse is planning care for a client with severe burns. Which of the following is this client at risk for developing? a. Intracellular fluid deficit b. intracellular fluid overload c. extracellular fluid deficit d. interstitial fluid deficit Answer: A.