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ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update Graded A+
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How many calories do carbs provide? - Correct Answer 4 cal/g How many calories do fats provide? - Correct Answer 9 cal/g How many calories do proteins provide? - Correct Answer 4 cal/g Glucose - Correct Answer 70- Albumin - Correct Answer 3.5-5. Prealbumin - Correct Answer 15- Protein - Correct Answer 6- Sodium - Correct Answer 135- Potassium - Correct Answer 3.5-5.
Calcium - Correct Answer 9.0-10. Magnesium - Correct Answer 1.3-2. Platelets - Correct Answer 150,000-400, Hemoglobin - Correct Answer 12- Hematocrit - Correct Answer 37%-52% Cholesterol - Correct Answer < HDL - Correct Answer Male >40; Female > LDL - Correct Answer < Triglycerides - Correct Answer <
Thiamin (B1) deficiency - Correct Answer results in beriberi (ataxia, confusion, anorexia, tachycaria), headache, wt loss, fatigue Food sources for B2 (riboflavin) - Correct Answer milk, lean meats, fish, grains Deficiency of Riboflavin (B2) - Correct Answer results in cheilosis (S/S: scales and cracks on lips and in corners of mouth), swollen/smooth red tongue (glossitis), and dermatitis of ears, nose, and mouth) Food sources for B6 (pyridoxine) - Correct Answer yeast, corn, meat, poultry, fish Food sources for B12 (cobalamin) - Correct Answer Meat, liver Food sources for vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Correct Answer Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons), tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, peppers, green leafy vegetables, strawberries
Vitamin C deficiency - Correct Answer scurvy; a hemorrhagic disease w/ diffuse tissue bleeding, painful limbs/joints, weak bones, swollen gums/loose teeth Food sources for Vitamin A - Correct Answer Liver, egg yolk, whole milk, green or orange vegetables, fruits Food sources for Vitamin D - Correct Answer Fortified milk, fish oil, cereal Food sources for Vitamin E - Correct Answer vegetable oils; green leafy vegetables; cereals; apricots, apples, and peaches Food sources for Vitamin K - Correct Answer green leafy vegetables; cauliflower and cabbage. Food sources of calcium - Correct Answer cheese, collard greens, milk and soy milk, rhubarb, sardines, tofu, yogurt Food sources of chloride - Correct Answer salt
Food sources of zinc - Correct Answer eggs, leafy vegetables, meats, protein rich foods. plays a role in tissue growth and wound healing, and supports immune function Recommended intake of protein for adults - Correct Answer 10%-35% of total calories Recommended intake of fats for adults - Correct Answer 20-35% of total calories, 10% or less of total calories should come from saturated fat souces Full liquid diet - Correct Answer Used as a transition diet after clear liquids following surgery or for pts who have difficulty chewing, swallowing, or tolerating solid foods. Diet includes clear and opaque liquid foods, and those that are liquid at body temperature. Foods include all clear liquids and items such as plain ice cream, sherbet, breakfast drinks, milk, pudding, custard, soups that are strained, refined cooked cereals, fruit juices, and strained vegetable juices.
Low purine diet - Correct Answer used for gout, kidney stones, elevated uric acid levels. Restrict anchovies, herring, mackerel, sardines, scallops, organ meats, gravies, meat extracts, wild game, goose, and sweat breads Renal diet - Correct Answer Controlled amounts of protein, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and fluids may be prescribed; may also need modification in fiber, cholesterol, and fat based in individual requirements; restrict fluids. Sodium restricted diet - Correct Answer Used for hypertension, heart failure, renal disease, cardiac disease, and liver disease. Diet plans are individualized; can include 4 g of sodium daily (no added salt diet) 2-3 g of sodium daily (moderate restriction), 1 g of sodium daily (strict restriction), or 500 mg of sodium daily (severe restriction and seldom prescribed). Encourage intake of fresh foods rather than processed foods. Canned, frozen, instant, smoked, pickled, boxed foods, lunch meat, soy sauce, salad dressing, fast foods, soups, and snacks usually have higher amounts of sodium. Cardiac diet - Correct Answer Indicated for atherosclerosis, DM, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, nephrotic syndrome, and renal failure. DASH diet recommended to prevent and control hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Includes fruits, veggies, whole grains, low fat dairy food, meat, fish,
vegetables.) Use of soybeans, soy milk, soybean curd (tofu) and processed soy protein products enhance nutritional value of diet Lacto ovo vegetarian - Correct Answer Follow a food pattern that allows consumption of dairy products and eggs. Consume adequate plant and animal food sources, excluding meat, poultry, pork, and fish poses no nutritional risk Lacto-vegetarian - Correct Answer Cosume milk, cheese, dairy foods but avoid meat, fish poultry, and eggs. Diet of whole or enriched grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables in sufficient quantities to meet energy needs and provides a balanced diet. Potential deficiencies in vegetarian diet - Correct Answer energy, protein, B12, zinc, iron, calcium, omega 3 fatty acids, and vitamin D. To enhance absorption of iron, consume a good source of iron and vitamin C with each meal. Include 2 servings per day of nuts What should you give children under the age of two? - Correct Answer low fat milk. Whole milk gives necessary fat for neurological development for children up to 2 years of age
What should the nurse do to help with chemotherapy changes in taste? - Correct Answer Use plastic utensils, increase fluid intake to improve taste, suggest pt to eat foods served cold or at room temperature to improve taste, try tart foods and seasonings to improve taste, offer citrus fruits, suggest pickles as snack and gargle w/ mouth wash 1st day after birth, how long should the mother feed per breast? - Correct Answer 5 minute feedings on each breast on the first day after birth Dumping syndrome - Correct Answer When a portion of the stomach is removed, the contents of the stomach are rapidly emptied into the small intestine, causing dumping syndrome. Manifestations occur 15-30 minutes after eating, and include sensation of fullness, abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhea, faintness, syncope, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypotension, flushing. Late manifestations occur 1-3 hrs after eating and include diaphoresis, weakness, tremors, anxiety, nausea, and hunger. Manifestations resolve after intestine is emptied. There's a rapid rise in blood glucose and increase insulin levels immediately after the intestine empties, which leads to hypoglycemia. Recommend small frequent meals, consume protein and fat at each meal, avoid food w/ concentrated sugar, restricts lactose intake,
Kosher diet - Correct Answer combine cheese w/ non meat products at the same time; no pork; don't combine dairy products w/ meat products at same meal; no shellfish. Ritually slaughtered beef, sheep, goats and deer with no flaws or diseases; chicken, turkey, quail, geese; salmon, tuna, carp, herring, cod; beef/poultry must be eaten separately from dairy (6-hour wait time period) are acceptable. Fruits and vegetables are all Kosher as long as they are clean. Not acceptable: Pork, camel, rabbit, rodents, reptiles and any animal that died of natural causes; eagle, hawk, vulture; crab, lobster, octopus, clam, swordfish, sturgeon, shrimp; meat with dairy (eg. cheeseburger, chicken cordon bleu, burger with milkshake) Ramadan - Correct Answer consume meals before dawn and after sunset. The nurse should offer the client a snack or light meal after sunset COPD - Correct Answer consume foods soft in texture and easy to chew irritable bowel disease - Correct Answer take peppermint oil during exacerbation of manifestations
Parkinson's disease - Correct Answer Critical findings: pt drools while eating, which can indicate that this client is at greatest risk for aspiration of food from dysphagia, which can lead to pulmonary complications Intermittent enteral feedings - Correct Answer Place pt in fowler's position, verify tube placement, check residual, flush tubing w/ 30 mL water. If pt is experiencing diarrhea, feed the pt in small frequent volumes. increase the volume of formula over the 1st 4-6 feedings. If pt is dehydrated, provide as continuous infusion Diabetes - Correct Answer three to five carbohydrate choices, or 45 g, are allowed per meal, plus one to two carbohydrate choices for each snack. Somogyi phenomenon is fasting hyperglycemia that occurs in the morning in response to hypoglycemia during the nighttime. The nurse should assess for this phenomenon by monitoring blood glucose levels during the night Recommended weight gain during 1st trimester - Correct Answer 1.1-4.4 lb Normal pt wt gain (BMI (18.5-24.9) during pregnancy - Correct Answer 1 lb/wk for 25-35 lb
micron filter on IV tubing is required when giving. Can be D/C since when oral intake exceeds at least 60% of the client's estimated daily caloric requirements Stomatitis - Correct Answer provide meals at room temp, avoid salty food, rinse w/ 0.9% sodium chloride solution or baking soda mixed with water, most foods and liquids with meal to decrease discomfort and promote nutritional intake, and use soft bristled toothbrush, avoid dry coarse foods such as toast Fluid overload - Correct Answer sodium level 130 Pt taking warfarin - Correct Answer Be mindful consuming foods high in vitamin k, such as green leafy vegetables. Gastric bypass - Correct Answer instruct pt to start each meal w/ a protein. The client should consume 60 to 120 g of protein each day Continuous enteral feedings - Correct Answer prevent aspiration by monitoring gastric residuals every 4 hrs
Malnutrition - Correct Answer Manifestations: ankle edema Anorexia nervosa - Correct Answer Assign privileges based on direct weight gain. RN to stay w/ pt 1 hr after meals Constipation - Correct Answer instruct the client that consuming the skin on fruits and vegetables adds fiber to the diet.-The nurse should instruct the client to add a small amount of bran to her daily diet, working up to 3 tablespoons daily, which is less than ¼ cup. Adding fiber gradually should prevent abdominal distention and excessive flatus. Cirrhosis - Correct Answer decrease sodium intake to 1-2 grams per day, avoid foods high in fat, increase protein from animal or plant sources. Macular degeneration - Correct Answer increase dietary intake of lutein Hydrolyzed formula - Correct Answer Elemental, composed of partially digested protein peptides and free amino acids. Used for pts who have partially functioning GI tract or pts w/ impaired ability to digest and absorb food. (liver failure, IBD, pancreatic disorders, etc)
nitrate containing chemicals; consume polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats (found in fish and olive oil) which can lower risk of cancer; limit alcohol consumption Anorexia in cancer/immunosuppressed patients - Correct Answer Eat small amounts of high protein foods loaded with calories and nutrients; try to consume food in the morning when appetite is best; avoid food odors; don't fill up on low calorie foods; eat cool/room temperature foods Nursing actions for cancer patients - Correct Answer encourage pt to eat more on days when feeling better; encourage nutritional supplements high in protein and/or calories as between-meal snacks. Increase protein and caloric content of foods by substituting whole milk for water in recipes, adding milk, cheese, yogurt, or ice cream to dishes, use peanut butter as a spread for fruits, use yogurt as a topping for fruit; dip meats in eggs, milk, and bread crumbs before cooking; use semisolid, thickened foods for pts w/ dysphagia and instruct them to sit upright and tilt their head forward when swallowing. Eat foods that are well tolerated and liked prior to treatments. Try adding foods that are tart (citrus juices); eat small, frequent meals; try using sauces and seasonings for added flavor; use plastic utensils for eating to decrease metallic taste; suck on mints, candy, or chew gum to remove bad taste in mouth.
Fluid volume excess - Correct Answer Sodium 130 Hypoglycemia - Correct Answer Mild shakiness, mental confusion, sweating, palpitations, headache, lack of coordination, blurred vision, seizures, and coma. take 10-20 g of a readily absorbable carb, including 2-3 glucose tablets (5 g each), 6-10 hard candies, ½ cup (4 oz( juice or regular soda, 1 tbsp honey or 4 tsp of sugar. Retest glucose in 15 minutes. If still less than 70 mg/dL, repeat the above steps. Once levels stabilize, have the pt take an additional carb and protein snack or a small meal depending on the severity of the hypoglycemic episode and whether the next meal is more than 1 hr away. Hyperglycemia - Correct Answer go to ED, take med if forgotten. Long term implications of untreated or inadequately treated hyperglycemia include blindness, kidney failure, dyslipidemia, HTTN, neuropathy, microvascular and macrovascular disease, and limb amputation. The Somogyi phenomenon is morning hyperglycemia in response to overnight hypoglycemia. Providing a bedtime snack and appropriate insulin dose prevents this phenomenon. The dawn phenomenon is an elevation of blood glucose around 0500 to 0600. It results from an overnight release of growth hormone and is treated by increasing the amount of insulin provided during the overnight hours.
