Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Anatomy and Physiology: Differences, Interconnections, and Key Concepts, Study notes of Anatomy

San Jacinto Community CollegeAnatomy

An in-depth exploration of the differences between the study of anatomy and physiology, their interconnections, and key concepts. It delves into the goals, levels of study, and applications of both disciplines, as well as the importance of understanding their interwoven nature. The document also covers the six essential characteristics of living things, cell-to-cell communications, homeostasis, negative and positive feedback mechanisms, and the anatomical position. It further explains the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems, the four basic types of tissue, and the differences between differentiation and morphogenesis.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 02/14/2024

anne-onimus
anne-onimus 🇺🇸

1 document

1 / 22

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
CHAPTER 1 – ASSESS YOUR PROGRESS QUESTIONS
1.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1. How does the study of anatomy differ from the study of physiology?
The study of anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures, while physiology is
the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. There are two major goals when
studying human physiology: examining the body’s responses to stimuli and examining the body’s
maintenance of stable internal conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing
environment, while the study of anatomy examines the structure of a body part and its function.
Anatomy = the study of the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships;
studies the structure of the body and what makes up the body.
Physiology = the study of the functions of those structures; studies the process or function of the body and
how the body works.
Anatomy is the study of the body structure while physiology is the scientific investigation of the process.
2. What is studied in gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy studies the structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope and can be
approached either systemically (system by system) or regionally (area by area).
What is studied in surface anatomy?
Surface anatomy studies the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body.
3. What type of physiology is employed when studying the endocrine system?
Systemic physiology is used when studying the endocrine system.
Systemic physiology examines the functions of organ systems.
4. Why is anatomy and physiology normally studied together?
Anatomy and physiology are normally studied together because structures, functions, and processes are
interwoven.
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16

Partial preview of the text

Download Anatomy and Physiology: Differences, Interconnections, and Key Concepts and more Study notes Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!

CHAPTER 1 – ASSESS YOUR PROGRESS QUESTIONS

1.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

  1. How does the study of anatomy differ from the study of physiology? The study of anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures, while physiology is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. There are two major goals when studying human physiology : examining the body’s responses to stimuli and examining the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment, while the study of anatomy examines the structure of a body part and its function. Anatomy = the study of the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships; studies the structure of the body and what makes up the body. Physiology = the study of the functions of those structures; studies the process or function of the body and how the body works. Anatomy is the study of the body structure while physiology is the scientific investigation of the process.
  2. What is studied in gross anatomy? Gross anatomy studies the structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope and can be approached either systemically (system by system) or regionally (area by area). What is studied in surface anatomy? Surface anatomy studies the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body.
  3. What type of physiology is employed when studying the endocrine system? Systemic physiology is used when studying the endocrine system. Systemic physiology examines the functions of organ systems.
  4. Why is anatomy and physiology normally studied together? Anatomy and physiology are normally studied together because structures, functions, and processes are interwoven.

1.2 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

  1. Why is it important to recognize that humans share many, but not all, characteristics with other animals? Although much can be learned from studying other organisms, the ultimate answers to questions about humans can only be obtained from humans, because other organisms differ from humans in significant ways. A failure to appreciate the differences between humans and other animals led to many misconceptions by early scientist.

1.3 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

  1. From simplest to complex, list and define the body’s six levels of organization? Chemical level : Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine to form molecules. This is important because molecule’s structure determined its function. The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. Cell level : Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. Combinations of molecules form cells. Structures inside cells called organelles carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell. Tissue level : Groups of cells combine to form tissues. A tissue is composed of a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. Organ level : Different tissues combine to form organs. An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common function. System level : Multiple organs combine to form organ systems. An organ system is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
  1. Referring to figure 1.3 ,

Which two organ systems are responsible for regulating the other organ systems? The two organ systems responsible for regulating the other organ systems are the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Reproduction : the formation of new cells or new organisms; allows for growth and development; allows for living organisms to pass their genes to their offspring.

  1. How does differentiation differ from morphogenesis? Differentiation involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state. For example, following fertilization, immature cells differentiate to become specific cell types, such as skin, bone, muscle, or nerve cells. These differentiated cells form tissues and organs. Morphogenesis is the change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

1.5 HOMEOSTASIS

  1. How do variables, set points, and normal ranges relate to homeostasis? Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Changes in the internal conditions are called variables because their values are not constant. To achieve and maintain homeostasis, the body must actively regulate responses to changes in variables. Variables include such conditions as body temperature, volume, chemical content and pH of body fluids, as well as many other variables. For our cells to function normally all variables must be maintained within a narrow range. This narrow range is referred to as a normal range. Homeostatic mechanisms normally maintain body conditions near an ideal normal value or set point. Note that these mechanisms are not able to maintain body conditions precisely at the set point. Rather, body conditions increase and decrease slightly around the set point. Keep in mind that these fluctuations are minimal.
  2. Distinguish between negative feedback and positive feedback. Negative feedback is when any deviation from the set point is made small or is resisted; the response by the effector is stopped once the variable returns to its set point; negative means “to decrease”. Positive feedback is when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater; positive means “to increase”.
  1. What are the three components of a negative-feedback mechanism? The three components of a negative-feedback mechanism are a receptor , which monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli, a control center , such as part of the brain, which determined the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable, and an effector which generates the response that adjusts the value of a changed variable. A changed variable is a stimulus because it initiates the homeostatic mechanism.
  2. Give an example of how a negative-feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis. An example of a negative-feedback mechanism is the maintenance of body temperature. Receptors in the skin (called thermoreceptors) monitor body temperature. If body temperature rises, the receptors send a message to the control center , the hypothalamus. The control center compares the value of the variables against the set point. If a response is necessary, the control center will stimulate the effectors to produce their response , in this case, sweat glands will secrete sweat. Once the value of the variable has returned to the set point, the effectors do not receive any more information from the control center. For regulation of body temperature, this means that the secretion of sweat stops.
  1. Give an example of a positive-feedback mechanism that may be harmful to the body. An example of a positive-feedback mechanism that may be harmful to the body occurs is following extreme blood loss. Blood pressure decreases to the point that the delivery of blood to cardiac muscle is inadequate. As a result, the cardiac muscle does not function normally and the heart pumps less blood, causing the blood pressure to drop even further (a deviation from the set point). The additional decrease in blood pressure further reduces blood delivery to the cardiac muscle and the heart pumps even less blood, which again decreased the blood pressure. This continues until the blood pressure is too low to sustain the cardiac muscle and the heart stops beating, resulting in death. Give an example of a positive-feedback mechanism that is not harmful to the body. An example of a positive-feedback mechanism that is not harmful to the body is birth. Near the end of pregnancy, the baby’s larger size stretches the uterus, especially near its opening. This stretching stimulates contractions of the uterine muscles. The contractions push the baby against the opening and stretch it further, which stimulates additional contractions that result in additional stretching. This positive- feedback sequence ends only when the baby is delivered from the uterus and the stretching stimulus is eliminated.

There are two basic principles about homeostatic mechanisms to remember:

  1. Many disease states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
  2. Some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
  1. What two direction terms indicate “toward the head” in humans? Superior and cephalic are two direction terms which indicate “toward the head” in humans. What are the opposite terms? Inferior and caudal are two direction terms which indicate “toward the back” in humans.
  2. What the direction terms indicate “the back” in humans? Posterior and dorsal are direction terms which indicate “the back” in humans. What are the opposite terms? Anterior and ventral are direction terms which indicate “the front” in humans.
  1. Define the following directional terms and give the term that means the opposite: Proximal: “close to”; closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure/ Opposite of proximal – Distal: “far from”; Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure. Lateral: away from the midline of the body. Opposite of lateral – Medial: toward the midline of the body. Superficial: “toward the surface”; describes a structure close to the surface of the body. Opposite of superficial – Deep: “away from the surface, internal); describes a structure toward the inferior of the body.
  1. In what quadrant would the majority of the stomach be located? In which region(s)? The majority of the stomach is located in the left upper quadrant. The majority of the stomach is located in the epigastric region , with a minor portion also in the left hypochondriac region.
  1. In what three ways can you cut an organ? An organ can be cut longitudinally, transversely, or obliquely. Longitudinal Section : a cut through the length of the organ. Transverse (cross) Section : a cut at a right angle to the length of an organ. Oblique Section : A cut across the length of an organ at an angle other than right.
  2. What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. What structure separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity? There is no physical boundary that separates the abdominal from the pelvis cavity, however, the pelvic cavity is housed within the bones of the pelvis. The abdominal cavity contains the majority of the digestive organs, such as the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, as well as the spleen. The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.
  1. What structure divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts? The mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts. The mediastinum houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, trachea, and esophagus. The two lateral pleural cavities each enclose a lung and is surrounded by the ribs.