Kant's Philosophy: Understanding Human Nature through Metaphysics, Aesthetics, and Ethics, Schemes and Mind Maps of History of Art

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Kant Philosophy: Metaphysic,

Aesthetic and Ethics

Kant 's project

• Kant 's philosophical project can be summarized as

following : taking man out its wild nature

• - His metaphysical nature : Kant has restored limits to

reason, but at the same time ennobled human reason.

• - His moral nature : the man pulling his primary

passions (selfishness and special interest)

• - His aesthetic nature : freeing the senses, man must

acquire the ability to judge beauty.

• - His political nature : exit states from their state of

nature that would bring them to the mutual

annihilation to build a project of perpetual peace.

Kant and Knowledge: A critique of reason

• What do I know? To answer this question, Kant operates a critical

examination of reason, determining what it can do and what it is incapable

of doing.

• Reason, in the broadest sense, refers to Kant, all that in mind, is a priori

and not from experience.

• • It is theoretical (pure reason) or when related to speculative knowledge.
• • She is practical (practical reason) when considered as containing the rule

of morality (this reason, in the broadest sense, is distinguished, in Kant,

reason, in the narrow sense, as the human faculty to higher unit).

• Kant here makes a critique of speculative reason: it is not a critical skeptic,

but a review of the use, scope and limits of reason.

• Practicing this approach, Kant notes that mathematics and physics went

into the safe route of science on the day they ceased to be empirical to

recognize the primacy of rational demonstration.

• • Metaphysics should build on this method so fruitful.
• • Here takes place the famous notion of Copernican revolution: just as

Copernicus assumed that the Earth revolved around the sun and not vice

versa, as Kant admits that it is our right to know who holds the knowledge,

not objects that determine it.

Kant: A transcendental point of view

• This analysis is conducted of a transcendental point of view:

it is not on the objects themselves, but on how to find and

seize them, on a priori elements and concepts that

constitute the experience.

• Time, space and categories are in fact the a priori

conditions of knowledge and understanding of the user

objects. Without them, no knowledge is possible.

• Distinguish here the transcendental aesthetic, which

means, in Kant, the study of a priori forms of sensibility that

are space and time, and transcendental logic, study of the

forms of the understanding, as they are a priori.

• • The logic itself is divided into a summary, which sets the

table of pure concepts and principles, and a dialectic.

Kant: The ideas of reason

• The man, far from being satisfied with access to the phenomena to

the categories of the understanding, develops the ideas of reason

(understood here in the narrow sense, as requiring the highest

power unit).

• These ideas of reason are concepts which no corresponding object

given by the senses as the Idea of the Soul or God.

• - If the idea of reason has a regulative use, and to unify our

experience, however, it is unknowable and can only be grasped

intuitively.

• Kant explores the ideas of reason (soul, God, freedom) in a large

part of the Critique of Pure Reason, Transcendental Dialectic named

party: it means a critical revealing the misleading appearance of the

pretensions of reason when it tries to leave the field experience to

address the realm of pure thought, wrongly believing domain

independent phenomenal and empirical.

Kant, moral actions and obligations:

• We must now answer the question: "What should I do? "
• • The answer to Kant is here unequivocally: the only duty is duty.
• • What is meant by this term, the duty?
• ► To understand the meaning, let us turn first to the concept of goodwill.
• ► In the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant makes, in fact, an analysis of the common conscience and notes that, of all that is conceivable in this world there is nothing that can be viewed without restriction, as absolutely correct, except goodwill, that is to say an intention absolutely pure and good without restriction.
• • What is it and what exactly is she back?
• ► A pure will, good in itself, means a willingness to do good, not tilt sensitive, but by duty.
• The goodwill we refer to the idea of duty, the categorical imperative, not hypothetical.
• • A hypothetical imperative is when command statement is subject to an assumption or a condition (eg if you want success, work!)
• • He is categorical when he orders unconditionally is when, in itself, independently of any assumptions and any condition (eg works!).
• • In the first case, the action is a way for a result. In the second, the action is good in itself: this is a duty.
• What is the fundamental formula of duty?
• • It sets the universality of the law.
• • It simply asserts a universal law, a precept of obligatory character and commanding to all without restriction.
• ► "Act only according to the maxim that you might want at the same time it becomes a universal law."
• ► The second formula relates the duty, in turn, respect the person, to be reasonable, having an end in itself absolute.
• ► While things are means, people are ends in themselves.
• ► In its second aspect, the practical imperative is defined by respect for the person, the human subject, which shall in no case be treated as means.
• Obeying the will of the duty is, finally, an autonomous will, finding itself in its law.

Kant’s Works

• Immanuel Kant , German philosopher, has written

a very abundant philosophy, among:

• - Critique of Pure Reason (first edition 1781, 2nd

edition, 1787)

• - Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783)

• - Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)

• - Critique of Practical Reason (1788)

• - Critique of Judgement (1790)

• - Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view