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Arithmetic and Logic Unit-Assembly Language, Microprocessors and Computer Architecture-Lecture Slides, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization

Assembly language is about computer basic operations. Its used in Computer Architecture. It also being used in Microprocessors. This lecture was delivered by Prof. Vishakha Ahuja at Guru Ghasidas University. It includes: Arithmetic, Calculation, Handles, Integers, Floating, FPU, Positive, Binary, Magnitude, Compliment

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 08/03/2012

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Arithmetic & Logic Unit
zDoes the calculations
zEverything else in the computer is there to
service this unit
zHandles integers
zMay handle floating point (real) numbers
zMay be separate FPU (maths co-
processor)
zMay be on chip separate FPU (486DX +)
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Download Arithmetic and Logic Unit-Assembly Language, Microprocessors and Computer Architecture-Lecture Slides and more Slides Computer Architecture and Organization in PDF only on Docsity!

Arithmetic & Logic Unit z

Does the calculations z Everything else in the computer is there toservice this unit z Handles integers z May handle floating point (real) numbers z May be separate FPU (maths co-processor) z May be on chip separate FPU (486DX +)

ALU Inputs and Outputs

Sign-Magnitude z

Left most bit is sign bit z 0 means positive z 1 means negative z

z

z Problems z Need to consider both sign and magnitude inarithmetic z Two representations of zero (+0 and -0)

Two’s Compliment z

z

z

z

z

z

z

Geometric Depiction of TwosComplement Integers

Negation Special Case 1 z

z Bitwise not

z Add 1 to LSB

z Result

z Overflow is ignored, so: z

Range of Numbers z

8 bit 2s compliment z +127 = 01111111 = 2 7

  • z -128 = 10000000 = - 7 z 16 bit 2s compliment z +32767 = 011111111 11111111 = 2 (^15)
  • 1 z -32768 = 100000000 00000000 = - 15

Conversion Between Lengths z

Positive number pack with leading zeros z +18 = 00010010 z +18 = 00000000 00010010 z Negative numbers pack with leading ones z -18 = 10010010 z -18 = 11111111 10010010 z i.e. pack with MSB (sign bit)

Hardware for Addition andSubtraction

Multiplication z

Complex z Work out partial product for each digit z Take care with place value (column) z Add partial products

Flowchart for UnsignedBinary Multiplication

Unsigned Binary Multiplication

Multiplying Negative Numbers z

This does not work! z Solution 1 z Convert to positive if required z Multiply as above z If signs were different, negate answer z Solution 2 z Booth’s algorithm

Booth’s Algorithm